Library Issues About Public Image/ Gender

Stereotyping is not actually a bad thing. However, the consequences of stereotyping are the ones that are important and matter (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). The people may ignore the existence of these stereotypes but the effects of these on the people are very crucial. Image, on the other hand, is an issue and problem everywhere but the social situation is differs from one place to another. The image of librarians was being molded as early as the 1870s. Married women and men already had jobs and positions in the society. However, the single, unmarried women were left out and had no position in the society. These women engaged in professions such as: librarianship, nursing, social work and elementary school teaching which were not restricted to any gender and to civil status. Librarians’ work consisted of uplifting the morals of a middle-class home through books and to rescue people suffering from moral and intellectual poverty. (Garrison as cited by Engle, 1998) Reed (1995), on the other hand, said that librarianship was initially a job for men and was only feminized in the late nineteenth century. Even if the women were able to enter the profession, the men were retained but were able to advance to higher positions, administrative ones. Also, men comprised and dominated the American Library Association in 1876. The women were attracted to the profession because of the limited employment possibilities. The feminization of the profession came about as women were believed to be able to change the atmosphere in the library. Specifically, women are believed to soften the environment of stacks of books. Green (n.d.) conducted a survey that led to the stereotyping of the librarian as a woman, usually having old age, fair skin and single and there were no specifics on hair color. Marinelli and Baker (2000) and Goldstein (1977 as cited by Reed, 1995; Kneale, 2004), on the other hand, typecasted librarians to ladies with hair arranged in a bun, wearing chained spectacles, with a body covered up with a dress, hushing when noise is being heard and with a worried expression. Men librarians, alternatively, are being questioned with regards to their masculinity. They are usually characterized to be ineffectual, effeminate and unathletic (Reed, 1995). Surprisingly, in Green’s study if the all aforementioned characteristics would be expected to be present in a person to be able to define a librarian, there would be no librarians at all. The characteristics may be present at one person at a time, but not all. Thus, stereotyping is not true in the study. In the same manner, only the spectacles hold as a true characteristic of a librarian in Marinelli and Baker’s (2000) study. The impolite attitude of the librarian only holds true for some cases. And, the generalization of the unfriendly manner of the librarians may be attributed to the silent atmosphere of the library. It can therefore be said that the characterization of stereotypes does not come from the characteristics of real-time librarians. Marinelli and Baker (2000) justified stereotyping has a function in the society. The aged women, spectacles and being single are features that people do not want to emulate, but can somewhat be a convenient reprsentation of the unattractive, meek and rejected. In addition, the dominance of the women in the profession also contributed to the negative overtone in the stereotype (Carmichael, 1992 as cited by Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Similarly, other professions that are dominated by women are also being criticized. The characteristics of the librarian as said on the previous paragraph can be credited to the public librarians. They are the image keepers of the profession as they are the ones that people frequently see and look at (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Also, the public are not much aware of special librarians or archivists. These people are also librarians but cater a specialized clientele. Although the public librarians constitute only a small portion of the total librarians, the stereotype has been used in many types of media, including films, that it became persistent characteristics. The forms of literature are one of the possible causes of stereotyping of librarians. Most literature often associated librarianship to lonesome characters in both men and women (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Only a few have explored the possibilities of other characteristics of librarians, one of which is: â€Å"sexy librarians†, a novel written by Edith Wharton in 1918. Films, on the other hand, characterize librarians differently (Raisch, 1993 as cited by Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Films’ portrayal of librarians vary from spinsters (Donna Reed in â€Å"It's A Wonderful Life†, Hilda Plowright in â€Å"Philadelphia Story† or the librarian in â€Å"Breakfast at Tiffany’s†), repressed ladies (Barbara Stanwyck in â€Å"Forbidden†), mean archivists (Bertha in â€Å"Citizen Kaine†) to innocent blondes (Carole Lombard in â€Å"No Man of Her Own† or Goldie Hawn in â€Å"Foul Play†). And some also feature male librarians (John Rothman in â€Å"Sophie's Choice†, Jason Robards in â€Å"Something Wicked This Way Comes† and Peter Sellers in â€Å"Only Two Can Play†). However, the actors and actresses that play librarians are often attractive people (Katherine Hepburn, Parker Posey, Peter Sellers) that their portrayal is not seen to reflect the real thing. The specialized training of librarians that is not publicly known may be a factor that affects the public perception on librarianship. Their tasks such as referencing, checking and shelving are seen simply as clerical tasks. Nevertheless, there is a Masters in Library and Information Science that is a sort of requirement in the field of professional librarianship. Those without the degree may not be able to advance to the professional level but still be a librarian. Sadly, librarians are much affected by the negative typecasting of their profession.   Distress and denial are the two main reactions of librarians regarding the negative stereotyping in their profession (Engle, 1998). Librarians had to be weighed down by the emotional stress of the typecasting. These in turn cause social pressures on the librarians and cause further dismal attitude. Real-life librarians, actually, do not like the stereotyping of their profession because they personally do not want to be attributed to something unattractive and restrict the entrance of males in the profession (Morrisey and Case, 1988; Carmichael, 1992 as cited by Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Also, Wilson (1982 as cited by Marinelli and Baker, 2000) said that stereotyping might have caused real librarians to not like librarians, including themselves. This is because the librarians react to their occupational identity, instead of reacting as an individual. Due to the typecasting, the librarians are being forced to act as a minority group. The negative stereotyping also causes librarians to think poorly of their profession, especially those on the public libraries and schools (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). The pride of the profession is being lost in the issues. Librarians nowadays are not immediately associated to being professionals. They are just people who look after publications in a room or building. Also, these cause downbeat on client perceptions, status and organizations. The clientele of the librarians may decrease because of the negativity on the profession. Both the status of the people and the organizations that are currently in the profession is also being prejudiced without proper exploration. Furthermore, funding and recruitment for new librarians are being affected. Due to the issues on librarians, people who are interested in entering the profession may reconsider. Only those who work as special librarians in private institutions are properly paid. Some also feel that they are being less valued by the society as compared in 1988 (Bobrovitz and Griebel, 2001). Conversely, there are still librarians that are satisfied with their profession (Bobrovitz and Griebel, 2001). They believe that they are valuable to their employer, with respect to their skills, but are still being subjected to issues causing them to think that they are underappreciated by the society. Despite the negative typecast on the profession, their morals are still up but seek the improvement and image of the career, to change some misinformation for every librarian’s sake. Yet, the negative connotation on the stereotype characteristics of the librarian can also be beneficial. Lately, the issues caused them to make an effort in improving the quality of their work. Through some changes, they believe the public’s perception of the librarians will change and will enable the creation of another stereotype for the profession (Paul and Evans 1988 as cited by Marinelli and Baker, 2000; Bobrovitz and Griebel, 2007). However, the librarians must collectively make this effort in order to overhaul the typecast set on the profession. Even the slightest mistake of only one librarian is very crucial because instead of putting up a good image, things may go for the worse. This made the stereotyping more than an individual behavior. There had been actions to lessen the negative publicity regarding the librarians. McCormack, since the 1987, had been advocating protest for negative ads of librarians (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Through the American Libraries’ column, â€Å"Image: How They’re Seeing Us†, pictures have been revealing both the negative and positive images on librarianship. Through the revelation of some of the extreme negative publicity, there had been realizations of too much prejudice in the society with regards to librarianship. Somehow, the images that show the goose-stepping and hushing librarians have decreased in number. Chances of redeeming the status of the librarian profession is very likely because of technological advancements, faculty status for librarians, unionization and contracting (Marinelli and Baker, 2000). Due to technological advancements, librarians are now taking up positions such as technology managers and information specialists. Although machines also pose as a threat to librarian employment, computers are essential in making information more available and convenient to clients. After all, librarians can employ themselves as consultants and trainers. Also, there have been changes in the perception towards librarians as 10 years before. The business of librarianship is also being appreciated more. However, the term librarianship holds some kind of stigma that corporations appreciate the profession more without mentioning the word librarian. (Kneal, 2006) References Bobrovitz, J. and Griebel, R. (2001). If the (Sensible) Shoe Fits: The Image of the Librarian. Retrieved October 30, 2007 Engle, M. (1998). Ethymologizing Work: The Role of Archetypal Images in the Humanization of Librarianship. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/staff/moe/archetype.html Green, Paul (n.d.) Paul Green’s Librarian Stereotype Survey: Highlights. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://warriorlibrarian.com/RESEARCH/stereotype.html Kneale, R. (2004). Where’s The Librarian? Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://www.librarian-image.net/wheres_the_librarian.html Marinelli, S. and Baker, T. (2000). Image and The Librarian: An Exploration of a Changing Profession. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://home.earthlink.net/~cyberresearcher/ImageHomepage.htm#Homepage Reed, R. (1995). From Librarian to Information Scientist: Technology and Occupational Change in A Traditional Woman’s Occupation. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://www.wigsat.org/gasat/47.txt ; ;

What is Womens Studies

Women s Studies explores a wide assortment of issues. Since the scope of topics that Women s Studies covers is so broad, it is difficult to come up with a solid definition that fully explains this subject. I believe that the central category of analysis in Women’s Studies is gender. This subject examines the historically constructed understanding of what it means to be a â€Å"woman† or a â€Å"man. † Women s Studies courses examine gender and women, drawing on a wide variety of experiences from women s perspectives. Not only does Women s Studies explore gender; it also takes a good look at the issues of race, class and sexual orientation and how they impact the development of women in a variety of cultural, social, and economic contexts. Because it is the norm that white, middle class, straight, able-bodied women of a certain age have considerably more access to power and resources than women of color, poor women, lesbians, the disabled, the very young or very old, incorporating the life stories and views of these minority women is a crucial part of Women s Studies. Women of color who are involved in Women s Studies have and still are making great strides in eliminating the stereotypes that not only involve their sex, but their race and culture as well. The text Women: Images and Realities written by Amy Kesselman et. al. includes Black feminist Alice Walker s definition of womanism: Black feminism, or womanism, draws on the historical strength of black women in their families and communities and the rich African-American tradition of resistance, persistence, and survival (12). Women s Studies also takes a in depth look at feminism. Kesselman s et. al. defines feminism as The belief that women have been historically subordinate to men, as well as to the commitment to working for freedom for women in all aspects of social life (9). Women s Studies classes often focus on the early feminists, the struggles they endured, and the impact they have had in getting women as far as they are in society today. I believe Women s Studies owes a big part of its existence to the movement for the liberation of women; the feminist movement exists because women are oppressed. Kesselman s et. al. text, describes Women s Studies as a course which Is an important and exciting experience that introduces new ways of seeing both the world and oneself (8). As our society becomes increasingly diverse, I believe students who study Women s Studies develop an awareness and understanding of diversity that makes an important contribution to any endeavor.

Capitalism versus Socialism Essay Example for Free

Capitalism versus Socialism Essay Budget deficit is just one of the many factors that negatively affect the provision of most of the government projects in the society. Without the sufficient amount of government funds, building of infrastructures and other public goods would be delayed or underprovided. As we can remember, there are some goods and services that can only be provided efficiently if the government is the one who supply it instead of the private firms to protect the rights and welfare of the consumer group. If there exist under provision of these public goods, the societal welfare would negatively be affected. In this regard, there is a question on whether what should prevail in our economy, capitalism or socialism? One may say that this debate between capitalism and socialism is already a cliche, but we cannot set aside the arguments and points of each side which could give us guide us in understanding what is happening in the real world. Let me discuss first capitalism. Capitalism promotes the concentration of the government in the provision of security in the society and not to intervene in the business world. Some capitalists say that, with the intervention of the government, person who wants to establish a business enterprise is being deprived due to the policies that are being implemented by the government. For instance, legal monopoly that was given by the government to some companies hinders other people from starting their own water/electric company. This failure of other people to start their own utility business, as capitalists believe, is a violation to their freedom. Socialism, on the other hand, is extremely the opposite of the capitalists thinking. Here, government intervention is very much welcome and the society is recognizing the ability of the government to efficiently handle companies and to equally distribute whatever the goods or service that they produce to their citizens. One good example to this is the provision of government of medical services and education. Since not all individuals can afford the costs of schooling provided by private firms, what the government does is they establish public schools charging at a minimum amount. As for the medical services, the government establishes public hospitals and clinics that would provide its citizens cheaper medical services and medicines for less capable people. With this, the basic right of human, to have education and access to medical services, is being fulfilled by the government. The reason why government provides efficient goods and services is due to the fact that they are providing the said goods and services at a reasonable price unlike private firms, especially monopolists, that charges above what is socially acceptable price. Now, based from the points of these two ideologies, therefore, it depends on the situation if whether a certain government intervention is good to the society. If the government interferes in the market in order to protect the welfare of its citizens, then, there is no room for capitalists to say that they are being deprived by the government to put their own business. In addition to that, establishing another utility business, like electric company, would be very costly due to the high fixed costs that they must face. This is the reason why it would be efficient if only one would continue ‘monopolize’ the production of electricity in the country. In this regard, if there would be an under provision of public goods like education, electricity, medical services and security due to budget deficit of the government; societal welfare would surely be greatly devastated. More people would be deprived with their basic human rights and might suffer to private firm’s abusing power. Only during instances wherein the private firms abuses their power and charge high to their customer by providing inelastic goods the government initiate actions to regulate the situation. Good Economics versus Good Politics One could say that an act promotes good economics if it aims for the maximization of the satisfaction of the society or market (Sharma, 2007). On the other hand, one could say that an act promotes good politics if it is backed up by a good policy for the welfare of the majority. Most of the analysts say that good economics leads to good politics and vice versa. Others believe that it’s the other way around. The point of the latter is that, making policies that promotes the no personal interest would lead to good economics since promoting the interest of the majority is tantamount to saying that they are maximizing the satisfaction of the society or they are after for the optimal level of societal welfare (Gittins, 2004). In order for each of the said ideals to exists, it must ensure the survival of one another. It seems hard for the politicians to set aside their personal political interest for the public interest but it should be done in order to attain what is really best for the economy and for the country. One way to promote the public interest is to lessen the burdens being imposed to the public like- tax (Gruen, 2007). Minimizing the tax rate would require a long battle and endless debate but the thing is, if all of the politicians would set aside their personal interest everything is possible for the government and they could act efficiently for the betterment of the economy. In this regard, there is no point arguing what is the best for the society- good economics or good politics, since one is needed for the existence of the other. Invisible Hand Principle Advocated by Adam Smith, invisible hand supports capitalist’s view. According to Adam Smith, the government must not intervene in the market and focus only on providing security and justice system to the society. They also believe that government lessens the societal welfare with their imposition of taxes. Taxes just add up to the operational costs of the businesses that in turn being passed to the consumers. In short, the burden of the taxes that are being imposed by the government goes to the end consumers. Adam Smith believes that market systems has its own mechanism to ‘heal’ itself and move back again towards the equilibrium condition even without the intervention of the government. By satisfying the ‘selfish’ motives of producers and consumers, they are unconsciously helping each other. Therefore, increasing the taxes rate collection of the government to cover the budget deficit would be an unwise idea since it would only add up to the burden of the consumers or the public. Government intervention must have the right timing and, as much as possible, impose less burden to the consumers. As what have been cited a while ago, government intervention depends on the situation and the condition between the private firms and the consumer group. Government intervention would only be sufficient if it uplifts the welfare of the consumer group with less negative effects on the private firms. But as for the increasing tax rate scenario, it seems that, although unintentionally, the government negatively affects the welfare of the consumer group while leaving the private firms unharmed since they only pass the taxes to the consumers. In this case, it would be better if the government let the ‘invisible hand’ or the free market system to put back into order the economy. Production Possibilities Curve There are some instances wherein private firms are being restricted in passing the added costs of government intervention to their consumers. Like for instance, the imposition of tariff on importers, tariff is another income generating activities of the government aside from taxation. With the extra expenses of the importers on every unit of goods that they are importing to the country, they can now only afford to buy less of the said imported goods depending on their allotted budget. In this scenario, the business would be producing below its production possibilities curve or PPF. This means that with the existence of higher tariffs on imported goods needed by local industries, the companies could only buy fewer imported raw materials and, therefore, producing fewer number of finished products than with the optimal level of production. This situation is treated to be inefficient, but since tariff is a form of income generation of the government, the only thing that the government could do is to find the efficient level of tariff rate wherein businesses could still produce closely to their PPF. With this, the value of the efficiency that is lost from the private firms would be justified and would return to them in a form of infrastructures in a form of roads and bridges which could alleviate the efficiency of their operation. In reality, it is pretty hard to produce within the PPF due to the existence of various intervening variables and tariff is one of them. The least thing that businesses could do is to produce closer to their PPF or their optimal level of production based on their capacity and capability. Opportunity Costs With the possibility of under provision of important government services, the government cannot afford to make it happen due to the high opportunity costs involved in the case. The government might forego the value of the welfare of its citizens in exchange of the improvement of the welfare of the corporations. If the welfare of the corporations and consumer group is to be calculated, the welfare of the consumer group is surely larger than with the welfare of the corporations in the market; and in the first place, it is the duty of the government to protect and prioritize the safety and welfare of the majority- citizens of their country. Just imagine the number of students that might stop schooling with the cutting of the budget for education; the number of sick and less capable citizens that only relies on the help of the government for cheaper medical services and/or medicines from public hospitals and clinics. To make the situation worst, the government prioritizes the welfare of Iraqis than with its own citizen. It was aired in the news that the government raised the amount of budget for the ‘peace keeping role’ of the government to Iraqi people. It is not bad to help other people, but ‘think first about the welfare of your own people before the others’ since that is the right thing to do. The point here is that, the reason why the government suffers to budget deficit is due to their wrong priorities. The government must not set aside the welfare of its citizen since it would bail them higher opportunity costs. Capitalism versus Socialism. (2017, Jan 27).

FindLaw website evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FindLaw website evaluation - Essay Example The paper aims to present an evaluation of the website http://www.findlaw.com and to provide a three-page narrative discourse that explains in detail what information is contained in this web site.The presented narrative structure would thoroughly review the content and web links and thereby state one’s personal opinion regarding whether or not this web site offers meaningful information for viewers, including students of criminal law and procedure. Website Evaluation: â€Å"FindLaw† General Description The home page of the website â€Å"FindLaw† presents six general headings such as Learn About the Law; Find a Lawyer; FindLaw Answers; Legal Forms; News; and Blogs. Upon browsing the home page, one finds that under Find a Lawyer, for example, a search browser offers options to seek a lawyer using a name search, or through typing legal issues or locations. It also offers a tick box where seekers can opt to have a lawyer contact him or her. Under Learn About the Law , there are three sub-topics: the Popular Topics, Legal Topics, Super Lawyers, Knowledge Base, and Legal Video. The popular topics range from accidents and injuries; criminal law; DUI; Employee Rights; Family Law; Real Estate; and Small Business. Legal topics are more diverse including bankruptcy and debt; car accidents; dangerous products; immigration; and wills, trust, estate planning, among others. The Super Lawyers section offers finding top rated attorneys; while the Legal Video segment shows The Divorce Basics, Medical Malpractice Cases, and Stages of a Criminal Case. Another prominent section, What’s New at FindLaw, offer three separate subtopics such as FindLaw Answers, Legal News and Legal Commentary. There are also Recent Answers indicated with the respective time within which these answers were posted. Likewise, there is a section entitled Latest FindLaw Consumer Blog Posts of various legal topics across the United States. At the upper right hand side portion is a search option for viewers who are seeking immediate access to topics based on their general description. Right below this portion is the section that states Getting Started at FindLaw, which offers three options: Find Lawyers, Learn about the Law; and Find Answers. There is also the Do It Yourself Legal Documents portion that offers legal forms to be tailored according to the users’ needs. Finally, the portion below the home page reiterates the major topics: Learn More About, Find a Lawyer, Find Answers, Get Legal Forms, For Lawyers, About Us, Local Lawyers, and Find Us On (Facebook, YouTube, Scibd, and Twitter) portions. A copyright statement follows the abovementioned topics. Parallel to this portion, at the right hand bottom side appears the heading: Are you a legal professional? Two subtopics are offered: Online Marketing Solutions and Download our White Papers. The format and structure of the home page is very professional with highlighted colors of orange for major topi cs and prompts; blue highlighted sections; and fonts in black and blue within a predominantly white background. Only the portion below was typecast in gray background with black and gray fonts. Selected pictures and photographs are seen from four major stories: Dad Charged After Car Stolen With Kid Inside; WA Avalanche Shows ‘Sidecountry Skiing’ Risks; Affirmative Action Returns to the Supreme Court; and Couple Gets Married in NC Walmart Where They Met (FindLaw, 2012). Also, there is a photograph of a family of three: a father, mother and a young girl just above the Do It Yourself Legal Documents portion. Personal Opinion It is one’s personal contention that the website offers comprehensive legal information to viewers, including students of criminal law and procedure. Clicking the criminal law link in Learn About the Law, for example, would generate the information that one â€Å"will find definitions for dozens of common crimes, an overview of stages in a typi cal criminal case, tips on your constitutional rights,

Why is media studies an important academic discipline Essay

Why is media studies an important academic discipline - Essay Example The basic field of media studies or media sciences as one might inter relate the two terms is to make sure that there is complete harmony of understanding the different media related regimes when it comes to getting the message to the right people at the right time and in the right capacity. The media contributes to public opinion and provides understanding of the news. The media entertains us, watches government and social institutions, and gives the public information for debate and discussion about local and international affairs. The role of media in the world of today is unparalleled, so much so that it literally overshadows the extent of impact any other field of life or work can have. Media manipulations thus also are quite rampant and would remain in the thick of things until a sense of responsibility and fair play is brought into this scenario. Thus this issue brings to light the task played by the spin doctors with the passage of time. These people are basically biased towards a cause, an event or have a set objective to start with. Media has a huge role to play in any country’s day to day activities and the mannerisms in which it usually deals with the people living in a region or country for that matter. (Curran, 2000) Its role cannot be denied its du e right especially since it can literally make or break the cultural values and traditions of any country. When we speak of media studies, we must remember that it is composed of a number of subsets namely advertising, film, television, print, animation and so on and so forth. Media communications demands a lot of word of mouth approach that essentially takes into consideration the fact that the more people are happy and satisfied with the brand and its related associations, the more they will buy it again and again as well as encourage their near and dear ones to take that step of having the eventual purchase on

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Union - Essay Example integrate EU law.6 Vertical direct effect occurs when EU law has direct effect between private parties and a member state of the EU.7 The direct effect of Directives is a necessary part of the EU legal regime as EU law is administered through the Commission, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and national Courts. For the most part, â€Å"indirect administration† of European law is the primary mode of enforcement via national courts and â€Å"national authorities†.8 The Applicable Law Direct Effect The doctrine of direct effect was established by the ECJ in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, in which it was held that the Treaty Establishing the European Community created legal rights that individuals could enforce through national courts within the European Community.9 Directives would have direct effect if they were clear and precise, unconditional and conferred a right upon the individual seeking to enforce it.10 The doctrine has since been developed by the ECJ as a means of enforcing EU law consistently through the EU.11 For example in Van Duyn, the ECJ held that once the Van Gend requirements are met and even if a Directive was conditional, it could still have direct effect against member states, regardless of whether or not the Directive was implemented.12 The main objective was to ensure that the intended outcome of the Directive was accomplished. In Van Duyn, the Directive’s outcome was the elimination of discrimination and in cases of this nature, the intended outcome would be important. This was because, the intended outcome would be compromised if individuals could not enforce it in the national courts.13 With regard to the fictional Directive, although not implemented by the UK, has direct vertical effect against the government based on the rulings in Van Gend and Van Duyn. The UK may only escape liability for the unimplemented Directive if the Directive itself is unclear and conditional. However, the D irective appears to be quite clear on its intention, the member state’s obligations and it is not conditional on the occurrence of an event. The only condition, is that the obligations arise when temperatures fall below 1 degree Celsius. Assuming that the temperatures were below 1 degrees Celsius at the time of the accidents in December 2012, the UK’s obligations to ensure road safety on primary roads and motorways arise. The accidents occurred on the A5 and the M6 and as such fall within the Directive obligations as primary roads and motorways. The Directive clearly sought to prevent the kinds of accidents that occurred. The Directive instructed member states to ensure that primary motorways and roads are kept clear of snow and ice once temperatures drop below 1 degree Celsius. Both accidents occurred on major motorways when temperatures presumably dropped below 1

Aristotle's on Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aristotle's on Democracy - Essay Example 2001). He regarded democracy to be the deteriorated counterpart to polity. In the Politics, he describes aristocracy as rule by the best. In application, this normally meant rule by the well-born, those of noble family who called themselves "the best people". Aristotle employs "polity" both in that manner, as the general term for a constitution of any kind, and as the name of one of this kind. The concept of polity (politeia, constitution) is that all citizens should have short turns at ruling. Because it is an inclusive type of government, everyone has a share of political power. On the other hand, oligarchy or the general term for rule by a few is the corrupt kind which aims to advance the interest of the wealthy few. Finally, democracy, which means literally rule by the people, was used by Aristotle to mean rule exclusively by the poor in their own interest. It is important to note that Aristotle distinguishes between democracy and politeia based on the fact that democracy seeks the interests of only the ruling faction, while politeia seeks the interests of all. According to Aristotle in Book VI of his Politics, the critical principle of democracy is freedom, one feature of which is having a share in ruling. He declares that justice is equality based on number rather than merit, and as a result the multitude has authority, meaning that the poor have more authority than the wealthy. A second feature of freedom is to be able to live as one wants. Thus, democratic people do not want to be ruled at all, although if it is necessary to have rulers then the next best choice is to rule and be ruled in turn (trans. 2001). To Aristotle and the Greeks during his time, democracy was defined as a government of, by and for the people. Originally, democracy was understood to mean rule by the common people. In this view, it was very much a class matter, even before the beginning of modern class society. It meant that power should be held by the biggest class,

When I came to the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

When I came to the USA - Essay Example When I first came to America, I was very nervous and depressed that I left part of my family and my home. I had also left my comfort zone. Obviously, it was a big blow in my life because I was leaving everyone behind. Everything I have ever known including my culture, my friends, and my country and my life were something I was stepping beyond when I crossed into the United States. However, I understood that this sacrifice was what I needed as I began my new life. Without a doubt, it was a challenge for me as I had to assimilate. As a child growing up in my home country, I was an average kid who loved to play sports and tried very hard in school. However, when my parents decided to come to America, the transition was without a doubt one that was difficult. I had to adapt to a new language, new customs, and a whole new culture. Yet, I never gave up even though I came from an environment where things were more conservative than how they are in United States. The questions that were always longing in my head, ‘Would I make new friends?’ Or ‘Will I ever fit in?’ Also, ‘Will I ever feel like I am comfortable and at home?’ These questions taunted me and sometimes still do. However, coming to America was an adventure and a new way of life and I was and am ready to push aside these questions in order to progress and make a better life for myself here in the United States. When my brother and I travelled to the U.S.A., we had a very weary time. Our journey was so long and in midst of coming to the States, we did not even have a last proper meal. You can imagine the anxiety, sadness and even the excitement in our hearts. It was a chaotic moment where I had mixed emotions. I can remember that when we landed in the airport, all I could think was that the flight was really long. I had not been able to sleep in the airplane because of the loud humming noise of the engine. Additionally, I was too anxious to land to

Effect Of University ID In Design And Technology Research Paper

Effect Of University ID In Design And Technology - Research Paper Example The Islamic architectural styles emerged during Muhammad time that initially had principal Islamic architectural styles such as the palace, the fort and the mosque. As a way of preserving and revitalization of the rich national heritage, the architects of Saudi Arabia are using traditional design in new structures. King Saud and King Khalid international airport are examples of Saudi Arabian architecture that has combined modernity and tradition. The key ingredients in the construction are palm tree leaves and tree trunks while in ornamentation of the buildings stone and wood are used. Unlike the western architecture, that uses processed cement and concrete (King 123). Many architects in Saudi Arabia have not totally embraced the use of modernity in architecture. They have continually used traditional methods of construction. In as much as there is availability of modern building materials such as concrete and steel which are international materials that are devoid of regional charac teristics, the Arab architects have developed striking effects in design and construction by using native brick, stucco, stone, ceramic and tiles. In buildings where the personal, human elements are important, the architects may include modern architectural designs and techniques. Architecture of Saudi Arabia The architecture of Saudi Arabia is greatly characterized by its deep history and culture and it encompasses a greater variety of architectural styles. It is ancient and renowned. The architecture of Saudi Arabia speaks a lot about the natural artistry of its people. Saudi Arabia is predominately an Islamic country and enjoys the history of one of the best Islamic architects of all time. Thus, it is not rare to see elements of Islamic architecture being used in abundance throughout Saudi Arabia. Traditional as well as modern buildings both have such elements including domes minarets etc. The architecture of the Islamic Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unique and diverse, this being b rought about by its own rich and uniquely different cultural past that has developed over many years. The architecture, traditional in this case, is categorized by both and abundant use of vibrant colors and the presence of intricate patterns. Initially, this architecture was influenced mainly by the climatic conditions, geography and availability of resources to be used for the construction works from nearby areas. In its initial stages, the architecture in the central areas of the Kingdom was comprised of houses/structures made of sun-dried bricks that were readily available; these being malleable, thus their insulating qualities. Parts of western Saudi Arabia used red bricks with stone housed being the most popular; while in the city of Jeddah, due to the closeness of the Red sea, the houses were build using coral items from the sea. Modern day architecture in the Kingdom entails the creation of a unique blend of both modern and traditional architectural patterns with the King Sa ud University and the King Khalid International Airport being between the two most remarkable architectural designs; them combining both tradition and modernity in their structural makeup and design. Greatly influenced by both Western culture and Post-modernism, in the past few decades due to the rapid modernization of the Kingdom, aspects of traditional Islamic architect

Unit 2 Discussion Big Ideas in science Research Paper

Unit 2 Discussion Big Ideas in science - Research Paper Example d spent; calories consumed in food; number of glasses of water (or other fluids) drank per day; number of hours spent to rest and sleep; weight decreased (or maintained) through exercise; and pages of books that were read; among others. As such, the measurement units include: seconds, minutes and hours (time); cups (fluids); calories (food); units (hygiene – bar of soap, gram of toothpaste); pounds (weight); dollars (money) and kilometers (distance travelled). Measurement is crucial within one’s daily life to ensure conformity to schedules and to adhere to appropriate units or volume of resources spent or consumed within a budget. It is necessary to avoid exceeding the use of resources or spending beyond what one can control. If measurements were inconsistent, there would be deviations from plans and it would prove to be costly in the long run. For instance, if time and distance to travel is not appropriately measured, one would be perennially late and would take a toll in academic performance. Yes, technology could help perform this measurement differently and with greater accuracy and precision. For instance, one of the wearable gadgets (Nakashima, 2014) could now measure more effectively calories burned after regular exercise. Before, the weighing scale would be used to measure weight before and after exercise and physical fitness activities. In rural or third world countries, other crude tools of measurement could still be used. For instance, time and distance could be measured by observing the sun and counting trees or lamp posts, as needed. †¢Compare your measurement to something used within scientific research. Use the assigned reading for this unit and publisher resources to provide a specific example for comparison, or feel free to share examples from another source. What type of device is used, what does it measure, and why is it an essential tool for measurement? In an article entitled â€Å"Reconsidering the Effectiveness of Scientific Tools for

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay Example for Free

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay Being passionate about caring and helping others has influenced and inspired me to enter the medical field and has then encouraged me to become a registered nurse in the Philippines. I have worked in a public hospital located in Manila which caters health care services for people presenting infectious and tropical diseases. One day, I had an admission who was diagnosed with an Acute Gastroenteritis secondary to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The doctor ordered a new antibiotic that should be given intravenously. When the antibiotic was already at hand, I administered the medication with the 100ml solution of normal saline to the patient. Afterward, because of a lot of toxicity in the area caused by a large number of patients, I forgot to reassess the patient whom I gave the antibiotic initially. I was surprised when I got back, the patient was already experiencing an allergic reaction to the antibiotic that the skin was flushed and generalized rashes were observed. I referred the patient immediately to the resident on duty and anti-histamine medications were given right away. Because of the incident happened, I felt overwhelmed with fear due to the possible consequences I had in my mind that the patient might suffer. I had been administering antibiotics many times in the past, but this situation made me feel guilty and uneasy. I even questioned myself if I am really that competent enough to do medical interventions to the patients. A nurse’s role is to render a high quality of care at all times. The reactions of the antibiotic would have been prevented if the proper assessment has been executed. Being knowledgeable in interventions especially medication administration is essential in my role, that I felt I didn’t accomplish fully. I documented all that happened to the patient and I made an internal incident report so that the other team members would be well-informed about the situation and also proper endorsements were done. Further errors and complications will be prevented through active management and effective reporting system would ensure patient’s safety. Administration of medicines to individuals who are ill is part of nurse’s responsibility to deliver holistic and optimal care (Veitch Christie 2007). In the Philippines, nurses are required to practice methodical approach that follows local polices. In regards to my own experience, nurses practice 10 rights of medication administration that are intended to protect patients from any misconduct in promoting health. Some of the key things I have learned include developing my time management, multi-tasking, and organizational habits. One of the ways I would change what I did then would be to assess before and after administering certain medication to the patient especially if it’s an initial dose. I am now more cautious and responsible for my actions when delivering holistic care. Although I should’ve reassessed the patient, the experience I have gained from this has made me more mindful of patient’s rights that safeguard patient’s well-being. In the future, I think I would try to deal with this by improving the level of my competence and not neglect the aspects of nursing as a caring profession. I will continue to provide genuine care to the patients through further developing my skills in performing the 10 rights of medication administration. I intend to become more careful and as well as confident when protecting the health of my patients from possible risks of any treatment and health practices. As a registered nurse, I aim to advance my knowledge and skills that will befit the needs of the clients. Therefore, even if this experience for me was a challenge, I took it as an advantage to help me understand the importance of values in nursing and will guide me in tackling different instances and situations in the future.

Black and White Photography Essay Example for Free

Black and White Photography Essay Black and white photography can be misunderstood in a modern artistic perspective. This type of photographic depiction is captivating and speaks through the image into the mind where it processes the lack of color by visualizing the depth and contrast vividly. An image that used in colorless photography was seen prior to the 20th century as the normal way to take pictures, but now we have color photography. However, photographers are still finding that black and white images are important to documentation, art, and photojournalism. Black and white photography is a technique that creates a unique impression upon the viewer that cannot be seen in traditional color photograph. No one has to be an expert to realize when looking at a black and white image, that it is something out of the ordinary. â€Å"Black and white and color photography are two different languages. † (Hass 14) Looking at two images side by side, one black and white and one color, the color photograph may be striking, although when just glancing that opinion may be true but looking at them for a long period of time, the colorless picture will prove its self by composition using shadows and highlights. The darkness that seems to be apparent in a black and white photograph usually brings the viewer to believe it is sad and depressing but that opinion is in the eye of the beholder, can a photograph of a sunset be sad and depressing just because it is in black and white? â€Å"The ultimate truth is that the black and white digital photography can make the world look completely different from what it is through the human eyes† (Jelling 1). Many digital photographers actually prefer to shoot images intentionally being black and white, in low contrast situations. So a dark or overcast day can be a great time to shoot out door shots. Most of the time for black and white photography, after the image is taken, it doesn’t need to be photo shopped or edited because the beauty stands on its own. In a color photograph, a lot of editing has to be done because of all the complex colors and shades. For example, red eye can be seen in a color photograph but cannot be seen in a black and white photograph. Many visual tools are used in a colorless photograph including: form, tone, texture and pattern. All of these visual tools are more prominent because there is nothing to take away from the original art of what has been captured. In a color photograph, the color is stealing the viewer’s attention or distracting it away from being a great photo and the appeal of the image is less in the art and more in the color. The viewer is more fascinated with the pretty colors than the deep truth that a black and white image beholds. Color is seen as a major distraction to the overall â€Å"mood† of the picture, when color is removed, the subject can be seen much better. â€Å"What does black and white convey to the viewer? Separateness and coolness with overtones of art, age and credibility† (â€Å"In Living Color† 1). Anyone can see the difference a black and white image holds, it is clear that there is a difference and the subject stands out unlike a color photograph where only the color is seen as a whole, in black and white, what is trying to be seen is clear. â€Å"Light and dark are the fundamental photographic components. Black and white was once the only kind of image available. However, a black and white image contains more than just black and white, light and dark, it has a full range of tones from paper white through light, mid and dark greys to dense black. (Prakel 15). â€Å"Black and white Photography always gives one the feeling of looking at real art. While sometimes bad photographers use the method (of using black and white photography) to cover their inability to take a good shot, in the hands of a true master, black and white shows the best photography can offer. † (Enk and Delbos 1). Unlike the average person taking pictures in black and white, professionally done black and white photographs can be stunning and nothing like any other type. Many photographers regard colorless photography as the purest form of photography available, even compared to still life. The definition of black and white photography is any type of photography in which form, tone, texture, and pattern are the main focus of attention in a photograph. Color depicts reality and with a colorless photography it is unrealistic, meaning the human eye cannot see what the camera sees, we see color in everything but a colorless photograph shows us what we cannot see. It allows the viewer to interpret reality through a photographic medium. Black and white images are, by their nature, abstract and can tolerate much more tonal manipulation without sacrificing realism because it works in a spectrum of black and white and everything in between. â€Å"The sheer beauty of a well-lit black and white frame is hard to beat because it’s difficult to produce that type of focus and simplicity when you’re shooting in color. † (Caterson 1) Lighting is a major part of black and white photography; it redefines the image into something great. Light turns an average picture into a magnificent one, if he lighting is done right. Shadows play an important role in the composition of a black and white photograph. That is why black and white photographers shoot their pictures in a very well lit environment. † I suppose I would describe black and white, or monochrome photography as a filter. It fitters out the color so you become aware of the light, the shadows, the composition and not the color. † (Caterson 1) â€Å"Seeing is not enough; you have to feel what you photograph. â€Å" Andre Kertesz, Photographer. The most prominent aspect of a black and white image is the feeling the viewer gets from looking at something that has color but has been taken and made into something that is made of greys and shades of contrast instead of what was a bright red is now black, for example. The feeling is usually somber and dark but can be taken as a good thing because the darkness portrayed comes from the instinctiveness of a black and white photograph being from history and the old days; black and white photography is associated with history because that was the only kind of photography available at that time. Selenium toned, silver-based, black and white photographs have an inherent depth, luminosity, and 3-D quality, unlike that produced by any other process† (Olssen 70) â€Å"Just as in the media of the written word we have poems, essays, scientific and journalistic reports, novels, dramas and catalogues, so with photography we touch the domains of science, illustration, documentation and expressive art. † Ansel Adams Photographer. â€Å"Color photography of actual settings overwhelms with its specificity and leaves little to no room for distance and thereby for theory† (Sassen 438). Distance is something that color photography has trouble with grasping. Distance comes from the monochrome parts of an image that create the depth form a fade of one color. Shadow can be seen in that one color usually being grey in black and white and in color it turns out to be a mixture of colors that confuses the image as being movement instead of just distance. â€Å"The two form a striking juxtaposition that is a testament to the stark power of black and white photography to capture the range and depth of ascetics, emotions and, often unbeknown to its subjects, history. (Enk and Delbos 1) The credibility of black and white photography may seem to be fading away, although it is sure to shine as it did in the history books, telling its story so vividly. As important as it was then it is an art that has been extremely perfected throughout the years, it is now what no one thought it would become. It was thought to never return as color photography arose but even in the coming years, it will prove itself to viewers just as it did in the days when it was famous.

Assessing The Strengths And Limitations Of Crimes Criminology Essay

Assessing The Strengths And Limitations Of Crimes Criminology Essay Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: (1) I will be assessing the strengths and limitations of using social surveys to investigate fear of crime. One form of social surveys is questionnaires. It includes a list of written questions. The strengths of these are that the researcher is able to contact a large number of people quickly and efficiently. Another strength of questionnaires is that they explore certain areas more then other methods i.e. crime. The questionnaire can be anonymous which means people can answer them privately. This increases the chances of people answering questions honestly because they will not be intimidated by the presence of a researcher. When questionnaires are used to investigate the fear if crime, it is found that men are more likely to actually become victims of crime. Although women are reported to have a higher level of fear then men are. A limitation of questionnaires is that they include closed questions, which the researcher cannot examine complex issues and go into detail. Issues maybe such as hegemonic definitions of masculinity when men are being questioned about their fear of crime, they tend to hold back. Whereas, women are free to express and can sometimes exaggerate. Another type of social survey is structured interviews. The strengths are that the researcher can explore in depth a particular topic and find out the how the respondent feels towards the topic. For example; crime victimisation and fears of crime. Because women have a higher level of fear then men they tend to stay indoors rather then go out. According to Cohen society is the subject of such periods of moral panic. In his book Folk devils and moral panics: the creation of mods and rockers. A moral panic is a societal response to beliefs about the treats from moral deviants. Cohen used this term as a form of collective behaviour i.e. when a person or a group of people are performing a deviant act which is seen as a threat to society. This is then portrayed by the media and included in newspapers. This moral panic can have an impact on how people view crime in society and begin to feel a fear towards it. Looking at both types of social surveys that I have mentioned, I have found out that structured interviews are more useful when it comes to investigating fears of crime then questionnaires. This is because structured interviews are much more powerful, they provide a reliable response and is more valid then questionnaires. Patterns of crime: (a) Two advantages of using official statistics to measure crime is that, one it gives a general picture of trends in crime. Politicians and the mass media often point to increases or decreases in official figures as a measure of the governments success in tackling crime. Each party places their own interpretation of what the statistics could mean. However, official statistics does show a fear of crime rising. Researchers Pantazis and Gordon (1999) found out the poor are most likely to fear crime. They did a study on household surveys, found out those with the lowest were most likely to fear crime and those with the highest incomes were actually likely, to become victims of crime. Another advantage is that they are readily available. They are accessible for the police and everyone and are cheap to gather information from. (b) I will examining the view that deviance can best be explained by reference to an individuals social background. I will be using material from these areas education and families and households. Charles Murray (1990) a New Right sociologist argues that deviance can be found in those who are from underclass backgrounds. In both British and American society which have a distinct culture and value system. However, Miller (1962) thought crime and delinquency came from the working class cultural values. He said that the lower working class culture was what encouraged lawbreaking behaviour. According to him values passed from each generation encourages working class men to break the law. Delinquency was then formed from this culture. Because of working class deviant behaviour, they did not achieve well in education and so looked at other ways of gaining some form of success. The working class suffer from status frustration, which means that they find it hard to gain success and so turn t o illegitimate ways. Where in this case, they turn to crime eventually. Family can also influence a persons ability to turn to crime. The type of family that you are born into or live in can determine whether you turn to crime or not. Mostly working class people from single-parent families, where they are a lack of male role models, turn to deviant behaviour such as gang violence. Also laws broken in the family can lead to family breakdown and so lead to anomie. However, Functionists Durkheim explained that a little amount of crime is good and necessary in society. This is because crime has a function in society, it allows for social change to occur. Crime can move from functional to dysfunctional when down to the level of crime is either too high or too low. (c) I will be assessing the view that interactionist explanations of crime and deviance fail to consider the reality of crime as measured in official statistics. Firstly, I will be explaining the interactionists explanation of crime and deviance. Interactionist theory became significant in the study of crime and deviance in the 1960s. They are mostly concerned with the meaning people attach to events or people and so study the societal reaction to deviant behaviour. Unlike positivists, their theory assumes that criminals and deviants are somehow different from non-criminals and non-deviants. They dont look at causal factors in the background or social characteristics of individuals and groups, but look at the process of social interaction in which some actions, individuals and groups were labelled as deviant yet others were not. Interactionists are different to other sociological approaches; they are concerned more about the internal factors. People are social actors, they have the ability to do more than simply react to external social pressures. Unlike positivists approaches, they dont see people as largely passive in the way their behaviour is a response to social forces. Interactionists place on the approach the idea that people attach meanings to behaviour. They want to find out why some groups and some behaviour are more likely than others to have the meaning crime or deviance attached to them. Labelling is one of the most basic aspects of human understanding. Howard Becker (1963) gave the best view on labelling theory. He believed that there is no such thing as a deviant act, it is behaviour that other people label others. Informal labelling happens all the time i.e. in school. But formal labelling can only be applied someone by the authority. However, master labels i.e. being called a criminal can take on a huge effect, once applied it is difficult to live down. From some master labels, some people can be stigmatised and rejected from society. This can lead to crime and can take on a self-fulfilling prophecy approach. Edwin Lemmert distinguished primary from secondary deviance. Primary deviance meaning deviant acts before they are being labelled. I.e. teenagers who commit some acts that leads to being called a delinquent. Secondary deviance is produced by the reaction to an act and public labelling. It is far more important than primary deviance because, it is the effect on a persons self-image of the reaction of society. Lemmert did a study on stuttering amongst a group of Native Americans who didnt have the ability to speak publicly. A person who stuttered a little would attract attention from others, which would then make the problem worse. A primary deviance which is lead to a secondary deviance from the reactions of people in society. To help assess this view I will be using Jock Youngs research study. Young did a study on hippies they were viewed negatively by the police because of their unusual lifestyle which was seen as deviant to them. They were involved in little criminal activity and minor use of marijuana. But once they were caught hard by the police, marijuana began to be much more important and was used frequently. This was caused from greater deviance from the police which put pressure on the hippies to become more deviant then at they were at the beginning. Another research study from Stan Cohen on mods and rockers. Official statistics are a form of secondary data. They are published by the Home Office and give information on the numbers of different types of crimes committed and the social background of offenders. Official statistics are publishes annually. The advantages of official statistics are that they are already available to access as well being cheap. Positivists find it of great use as it helps to explain patterns of criminal behaviour. The official statistics is a large sample, all recorded crimes in the UK are included. Because these statistics are produced every year it now follows a long history, so sociologists find it very useful to compare data over a period of time. However, criticisms from official statistics are mainly from Interactionists. They argue that these statistics are socially constructed. Although they are interested in finding out how this happens, they dont see how the statistics can be seen as real. Also crime statistics are produced by those in social control such as the police and can include those who might or might not be labelled as deviant. Cicourel criticises official statistics by saying that the working class youths who are arrested by the police were likely to be labelled as delinquents. This is because they fitted the polices idea of a typical delinquent while the middle class were able to negotiate. Working class youth are overly represented in official statistics and so could be the result of the process of negotiation happening through interaction through the police.

The Characters in A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- A Streetcar Named D

A Streetcar Named Desire is a classic tragedy written by Tennessee Williams, which earned him the Pulitzer Prize as well as many other awards. This brilliant play explores many important themes and issues. The main recurring theme Williams explores to the readers is the conflict between fantasy and reality, honesty and lies. However, sexuality, violence, and social differences also shape the action of the plot, in which they contribute to the effect of the characters of the play. The three main characters, Blanche Dubois, Stella Kowalski, and Stanley Kowalski, have different ways of dealing with the said conflicts in their harsh surroundings in which they live in, as they all face different crisis. Blanche, who suffers from emotional and inner conflict, is caught between two worlds and tries to escape reality and the truth as much as she possibly can with her imagination. Stella on the other hand, is a naà ¯ve and sensitive character, and may be considered to be the protagonist of t he play. Stella tries to ignore the truth going on around her, and as harsh as they may be, she accepts them. Stanley, who is an aggressive, dominant, and sexual character, uses violence to receive his desire, no matter the cost. Throughout this play, Blanche, Stella, and Stanley try to survive and deal with reality in different ways in order to satisfy their desire. Blanche DuBois is the most interesting character in A Streetcar Named Desire. This is because she has an amazing ability of making her fantasy seem like reality. From the beginning of the play, Blanche is already represented as an unstable woman. She has lost her fortune and residence due to creditors, and has turned to her younger sister for nurture. As the play develops, Blanche’s tr... ...of the two worlds was sent to a mental institution. Stanley on the other hand, is a very controlling and brute character. He believes that he is the master of his house and that everything should be going according to him. When he feels like his superiority is threatened, he uses violence to retain his power. He does anything and everything to maintain his dominance. After raping and sending Blanche to a mental institute, he feels that he has completed his revenge from her, and is once again the master of his home and wife. Stella suffers from her husband’s bad temper. Despite that Stanley uses violence to get her to obey. However, she has now accustomed to his aggressive ways and has gotten along with the harsh reality surrounding her. Even after hearing that her husband raped her sister, she chose to believe the guilty and punish the innocent by sending her away.

Essay --

Database Security: Database security is a critical Domain of Computer and Information Security that deals with protection of an individual database or group of database from illegal access, injections or possible destruction. Data can be a customer's information, intellectual property, financial asset or any number of other records that can be maintained and managed on a system. Without Database security people are at risk of identity fraud, theft, destruction of property and much worse. The global costs of such security breaches runs from over a billions of dollars yearly, and the cost to individual companies can be extreme, sometimes disastrous. One of the most popular method for protection of database includes storing a backup in a secondary location or datacenter. The Advantage of storing backup in secondary location is the process of restoration and damage prevention in case of data destruction or disaster at Primary source . A firm’s database infrastructure often contains the most important data and are subjected to a wide range of attacks. Some of the threats to database security are excessive and unused privileges, SQL Injection, DoS etc. Excessive and Unused privileges is when someone in the firm is granted database privileges that exceeds the requirement of their job function, these privileges may sometime be abused. A good example for Excess and Unused Privilege can be a University System Administrator who’s primary function is to maintain student information, but due to excessive privileges could potentially have access to modification of Student’s grades. Another example could be of an employee with access to human resources database access, leaving the organization i... ... The use of portable devices are causing most of the organizations to deal with higher risk from hackers gaining access to sensitive data. Database are mainly targeted by attackers since it contains high volume of important and potentially critical data. The best way to overcome these risk are through storing important information as backups and securing data transmission over public network. Organization should set up firewalls between company’s intranet and internet in order to block any external device access into the network . With all being said organization should continuously educate their employees about the risks and keep a track and secure the portable devices used by IT personnel. If such security measures are implemented by an organization they can ensure that critical and important information could be less susceptible to vulnerabilities.

Structure in Oedipus Rex Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Structure in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   M. H. Abrams says that â€Å"almost all literary theorists since Aristotle have emphasized the importance of structure, conceived in diverse ways, in analyzing a work of literature† (300). The matter of the structure of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is a subject of varying interpretation among literary critics, as this essay will reveal.    In â€Å"A Great Translator’s Reflections on Oedipus the King,† Gilbert Murray, professor at Oxford University in England, cites structure as one of the reasons why he chose Oedipus Rex as a work of translation:    On the whole, I can only say that the work of translation has made me feel even more strongly than before the extraordinary grip and reality of the dialogue, the deftness of the construction, and . . . the unbroken crescendo of tragedy from the opening to the close (105). . . . But Sophocles worked by blurring his structural outlines just as he blurs the ends of his verses. In him the traditional divisions are all made less distinct, all worked over the direction of greater naturalness. . . .This was a very great gain. . . .(107)    Murray’s appreciation of the â€Å"crescendo of tragedy† in Oedipus Rex is echoed in the sentiments of another critic: In Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge, Charles Segal says that the protagonist fares well in the first series of tests, but declines towards his catastrophe in the second series:    The first three tests are, respectively, Oedipus’ meetings with Creon, Teiresias, and then Creon again. In each case he is pursuing the killer as someone whom he assumes is other than himself. . . . The second series begins with Jocasta and continues with the Corinthian messeng... ...Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Murray, Gilbert. â€Å"A Great Translator’s Reflections on Oedipus the King.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Owen, E. T.   â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Online Student Profile Management System

ONLINE STUDENT PROFILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM by GREESHMA MALGIREDDY B. Tech. , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, 2007 A REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Computing and Information Sciences College of Engineering KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas. 2010. Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Daniel Andresen. AbstractAll the students who are enrolled in Computing and Information Sciences (CIS) major in Kansas State University are required to submit their Program of Study (POS) which they manually do by filling in all the necessary details and submit the form to the department. The main objective of this project is to develop an online submission of program of study. The online student profile management system is a web-based application that provides students of CIS major to submit their program of study in an easy and efficient manner.This application mainly allows the students to enter their personal info rmation (viz. , contact information, previous education) and to choose core as well as non-core courses of their choice. In addition the faculty of CIS department can also log on to the application and view the POS of the students by entering their wildcat ID. The primary focus is to get familiar with . NET framework and to code in C#. NET. This in turn uses MS SQL server 2005 as database for storing and retrieving of data. This project is implemented using C#.NET on Microsoft visual studio 2005. Table of contents List of Figures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v List of Tables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ vi Acknowledgements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii CHAPTER 1-†¦ [continues]

Holmes in the room Essay

His ability to suck within himself and to detach himself is beef up with his choice for Ger objet dart music it is introspective and I want to introspect. This behaviour is sh admit yet once more in facile hell on earth in his movement from daylight-dreaming and absorbed in his own thoughts to suppressed agitation. This essence of his use is also a unbendable eccentric to straitlaced moralisticity in the dichotomy of human temper. Conan Doyles stories convey the find of a double life lead by many middle crystalize men, in particular.Conan Doyle conveys Holmes as possessing a guinea pig that repositions from the languid, dreamy, gentle star of his inertia to his predatory qualities Holmes the sleuth-hound, Holmes the relentless, keen-witted, ready whitlow grownt. The words swing of his nature and alternately further contri b belye to our tone of his dual nature. There is also a symbolic representation of a dichotomy of human nature in the line of descent betwe en the shabby, faded, penny-pinching side of the square and the fine terrific side that backs the pawnbroker and represents commerce.The gap between fertile and poor widened with the growth in exertion during the squeamish era. The growth in wealth is shown in the metaphor of a heave and immense stream of increasing wealth. ternary nature is also clearly determine in Silver Blaze when Silas brown is shown to view as two personalities never meet I seen such a change as had been brought about in Silas dark-brown in that short-circuit eon. In The Man with the Twisted Lip you go forth find the strongest representation of dual nature.At the beginning of the stage Holmes disguises himself as a t completely, thin old man so that not even Watson, his closest adorer fire recongise him. Conan Doyle describes the change in Holmes his fashion model had filled out, his wrinkles were gone, the dull eye had regained their give the axe. Doyles language in the divide conveys the duality of man and as the separate progresses, language marks Holmes transformation from real thin very wrinkled, bent with age to his real self. Finally he regains his clever disguise to doddering, loose-lipped senility.But the strongest personification of the dual nature of man lies in Neville St. Clair who is the embodiment of Victorian double genius one life by day and another by night. The first evidence of this lies in his two distinct indite tendencys of which he has a different style for when he wrote hurriedly. But the master(prenominal) character reference to duality of nature appears tight-fitting the end of the story when Holmes starts scrubbing forward the beggar mans, Boones, sheath to unc over his true persona Neville St. Clair.The verbal description of the baptismal font peeled off and exposing the refined man beneath shows the true extent of Victorian double nature. There is also a strong metaphor for the merging of the two sides of his character th e horrid scar which had seamed it across. In The Red-Headed conference Holmess appearance is compared to that of a strange fowl with a hawk like intrude. This draws an go through of an almost predatory phase in the readers mind. This image is further reinforced in The Red-Headed League with his quick firing of chiefs to Jabez Wilson.These questions reflect his shave sharp ability to extract schooling and also his quick-thinking mind. He is also describe as a bird in The Man with the Twisted Lip when Conan Doyle draws charge to his strong set aquiline features. This description could also be in reference to the publication of Darwins On the business of the Species and the idea that human kind were posterity of animals, beasts. There is also a monitor of Darwins surmise in The stippled band I have heard, Mr Holmes, that you bay window see deeply into the manifold duskiness of the human heart. There was a large fear in Victorian generation that men possessed a bruti sh quality. This also conveys the Victorian double tired because Holmes take a leaks for the good of society, but possesses something that draws him towards evil. This is reinforced again in Silver Blaze when he is described as having stake in his eyes. In the Victorian age, a certain type of refreshed emerged from the largely romantic literary background, the black letter novel, which was invented almost single-handedly by Horace Walpole who wrote The palace of Otranto in 1764.It has been suggested, by the critic Ann B. Tracy, that the mediaeval novel could be seen as a description of a fallen world. term shamus Holmes is certainly a whizz in many experiences, in that he solves crimes, repeatedly saves people from the forces of evil and restores moral values while he is at it, he could also certainly be seen as a knightly hero. It is his strong power of perception that solves crimes, and it is his hunger for champion that drives his crime-solving and his cocaine use.To succeed as a detective Holmes frequently must himself go into Londons underworld, which further reinforces the theory of a fallen world. It could be verbalise that in all of the Sherlock Holmes stories at that place is a Gothic element in the form of a mysterious, inexplicable situation. This could be definitely be seen in The Red-Headed League, but to really discover the more expound elements that constitute the genre of a Gothic novel we can look no further than The Speckled Band, which is littered with references to a true Gothic novel.First of all on that point is the woman in distress, in this case taking the presence of Helen lapidator, who arrived in a considerable state of excitement. She is described as being in a pitiable state of agitation, her face all dawn and grey, with restless, frightened eyes, which certainly conforms to the Gothic element of women with super wrought emotions. There is also a woman in high state of emotion present in Silver Blaze when Mrs. St rakers face was haggard, and stamped with the mark of a recent horror. in like manner present in The Speckled Band which is an element of a Gothic story is the occurrence of a cruel, tyrannical male who threatens and harms a woman, which appears in the form of Dr Grimsby Roylott, whom Helen Stoner appears to be considerably afraid of when she tries to efface the marks on her arm you have been cruelly used. Then there is the setting in a destroyed building, Stoke Moran, which seems to be in a considerable state of disrepair the building was of grey, lichen-blotched rock and roll.windows were broken. a picture of check. There is also a sense of mystery and suspense as the question is posed whether or not Dr Roylott killed Helens baby. Also the fact that Helen Stoner has been in effect forced into living in her sisters room could be seen as a Gothic element, as could the eery whistle which both the sisters heard in the dead of night. Conan Doyles literary masterpieces are been enj oyed by thousands for almost a cytosine now and continue to capture the paddy wagon of both young and old.So brainy and absorbing are these stories that when Sherlock Holmes was killed in The Final Problem fans complained so forcefully that Conan Doyle was compelled to resurrect him again. Holmes fans even refer to the time in between his death and revivification as the Great Hiatus. The Guinness humanity Records has consistently listed him as the most portray movie character with over 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films. A rare disseminated sclerosis of one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles final Sherlock Holmes stories has recently been expected to fetch a whopping i250,000 at auction. boilers suit there have been 56 short stories and 4 novels, written over a decade. These accounts are littered with references to Victorian England and can help people today to take care what life was like in the easy 19th and early 20th centuries. Kate Manson 10S page 1 of 5 Show take in only The above preview is unformatted school text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Accepted Arguments for Urban Walkability

IntroductionThe transportation system oriented culture attack is being pick show up by m any metropoliss most the universe, suspectly those contested with transfor bitg their auto dependant vicinities into more(prenominal)(prenominal) habitable and sustainable ontogenys. The simplest manner to depict the rules of unaccompanied harmonizing to Calthorpe ( 1993 ) is moderate and gamey denseness lodging, along with complementary reality utilizations, occupations, sell and services, concentrated in assorted use development at strategic points along the regional transit system . Yet, much as absorbivity to regional logical implication through and through theodolite is of meaning, it is the communities close interaction, supported by a walkable milieu that Calthorpe claims is the key aspect of any booming tod.Over the old ages, pragmatic matey digit therefore generated considerable involvements and a of import sum of literature and influential policy on urban walka bility in TODs were authentic in the Western worlds cold- equable urban zones. Soon, nevertheless, some of the worlds fleet developing urban countries ar found in subtropical latitudes ( OHargon,2006 ) . Western Australia, and peculiarly Perth, the urban concentrate of the part is one such slip and serves as the focal point of this research. The paper explores the underlying facets and sensual qualities of built environment related to urban walkability with an purpose to get on farther treatment and surveies on how semitropic TODs keister buoy be introductioned to call down banal front either bit good as inquiry whether the orthodoxy of bing urban chassis rules require some changes to better accept to semitropical parts.The paper establishes the recognized statements and urban design rules indispensable to urban walkability and develops from a brushup of urban design & A sustainability, a assume that would promote pedestrians doubtfulness and conveyance w aiting in a semitropical TOD. A literature reappraisal is produced to corroborate the bend importance of walkability and fin twainy the paper explores, through content observations, how the established urban walkability rules apply in the semitropical parts. It concludes by giving some recommendations that could be applied to Cl bemont townspeople Centre for an improved banal friendly TOD.Accepted statements for urban walkability + Literature reappraisalRecognised as the oldest signifier of urban conveyance, walk is a manner of meeting and prose beding with the topical anaesthetic milieus and wider order in a mode non rather possible when following some some otherwise agencies of conveyance, particularly centrifugal conveyance. Gehl & A Gemzoe ( 2003 ) , strongly proudlight base on balls as a solution to breaking the humans land as grant of the sweetening of the local locality and urban greening.With emerging concerns that auto dependent metropoliss bequeath non be sustainable in the hereafter, due to energy costs, send away handiness, congestion, pollution and other environmental impacts, much intellect is being raised about the importance of walk of life. Harmonizing to US researches, surveies show that there is a 30 % more like houndss that weight-lift-mixed routine development occupants would walk ( to a restaurant/park ) than those populating huge motor-oriented environments ( Cervero & A Radisch,1996 ) . Hodgson, Page, & A Tight ( 2004 ) as well conclude from their research that that TODs with appropriate design lead to more prosaic and transit trips ensuing in a diminution in non-moto draw neard transit adroitness to cut down pollution emanationsIn concurrence to sustainability issues, the intra-generational faithfulness theory and policy as well as acknowledge that a major portion of the population constitutes of large number who are highly immature, old, unhealthy, disabled or needy to impart entree or control over a private auto ( OHare,2006 ) .Recently, considerable involvement in improved walking environments has been generated as a consequence of the desire to promote nonmotorized transit manners to cut down pollution emanations and to better public wellness by increased spots of walking ( Evans-Cowley, 2006 ) . A big organic structure of research has substantiate that a favourable walking environment is a necessary status for advancing walking and vicinity interaction ( Clifton, Smith, & A Rodriguez, 2007 ) .Public wellnessThe mankind Health Organisation ( WHO ) Charter on Transport, milieu and Health every bit good as the WHO Healthy Cities Program have recognised the intumescence of urban walkability long ahead the urban design and preparedness Fieldss.The public wellness sector recognises that vivacious(p) transport ( such as walking, including walking to the pusher or make grow ) involves successive sensual military action. This incidental physical employment is an of import constituent of dynamical aliveness ( OHare 2000 ) . brisk life, unitedly with a healthy diet, has the possible to change by reversal current international tendencies towards sedentary life styles and the attach toing wellness hazards associated with fleshiness. Australia has been rated by different bureaus as one of the worlds top quaternion states for fleshiness. Give that much of the worlds urban population growing is casualty in the tropical and semitropical zones, it is of import to analyze urban walkability rules with peculiar attending to conditions in those non-temperate climatic zones.A Perth written report found commuters utilizing public conveyance accumulated septet times more exercising than private automobilistsThe preponderance of fleshiness in Australia has more than doubled in the last 20 old ages 52 % of openhanded females, 67 % of work forces, and 25 % of kids are dense or corpulent.urban walkability rules in TodJacobs ( 1960 ) spelled out about ha lf a century past that urban design qualities associating to the quality of prosaic engender are indispensable to bear out up walkability. Active frontages and eyes on the pass were recognised as few of the many important facets. Based on the best patterns from well-nigh the universe, 8 rules precise to reservation walkable TODs are identified in this paper.1. WALK Developing attr active agent prosaic environment ensures handiness and mobility for all.2. PLACE-MAKING devising a mavin of topographical point suffers encourages prosaic activity and liveability.3. CONNECT Making heavy webs of theodolite paths consequences in a high build of connectivity.4. TRANSIT Locate land uses so that they are transit supportive and close to high quality conveyance.5. MIX Planning for assorted usage will advance prosaic involvement, safety, 24 hr activity.6. DENSIFY Sufficient denseness and compact signifier make theodolite feasible and improve walkability.7. COMPACT Planing for co mpact countries with short commutes improves efficiency.8. Switch Controling the amount/location of lay conveyitions mobility.It is nevertheless of import to understand that although listed separately, for a development to go genuinely transit oriented, we must be able to film over the boundary mingled with these rules so that they are all interconnectedUrban design theory and pattern guidelines for walkable topographic points were by and large create in metropoliss located in the temperate climatic zone. In the semitropicss, spend is the season of un reposeableness for Walkers, whereas in temperate metropoliss it is the winter that brings uncomfortableness to urban walkers. The coastal semitropical metropolis lacks the icy winds, snow, sleet, hoar, and other winter uncomfortablenesss of the temperate metropolis. The pleasant winter prosaic conditions of the semitropical metropolis are off coif, nevertheless, by the summer challenges of enkindle, humidness and blaze. The fol lowing subdivision of this paper explores the remove for an intemperate attack to accomplishing urban walkability in the semitropical metropolisUrban walkability in semitropical TODs toughieIt is of import to understand that in the fast turning semitropical urban parts of the universe, clime and local topography are influential elements associated with walkability. Traveling at a slower gait, walkers are prone to detect many more perceptible inside informations and are capable to the environing elements and climatic factors. Protection from Sun, rain, humidness or heat must hence be taken into register when be aftering a prosaic environment. Pulling on research and maintaining in head the factors associated with semitropical urban parts, a model of urban design rules is developed as schemes that would outdo enhance prosaic motion or waiting in semitropical TODs. The cardinal factors to doing walking appealing are sort out in three major classs SAFETY, ACTVITY AND cheer.Figure 1 Framework Venn diagram, 2014.Figure 2 A equilibrise way of life has ample pavements, well-to-do motorcycle installations that connect to a web, and safe ways to traverse highways, doing active transit possible even on bigger roads. Image by EMBARQ.Stimulating walking necessitates that these travelers green goddess travel about efficiency, substantially, and most significantly, safely. Physical design schemes that could be utilize in the Safety, Activity, Comfort model are discussed belowSafety1. Guaranting wider pavement can supply for easy prosaic motion and at the same clip advance commercial activity/interaction2. Removing physical or sensed barriers to warrant that the walker has level and obstruction free set of pavement pedestrian zone3. Supplying prosaic oriented quality illuming that illuminated their waies will add to the walkers sense of safety4. antiphonary walk marks at traversing visible radiations knowing with better timing and automatic changing to ra nge the demands of walkers, raised intersections, mini traffic circles or upper bulges will promote safe motion.Activity1. well-connected streets guarantee that occupants can conveniently entree all parts of the TOD, therefore triping the street usage.2. Developing mixed-use street active frontages promote safety, security and Foster vibrant societal life in the streets.3. Attractive infinites with edifice orientation to the public street, ocular involvements, constructing articulation and ornament encourage walkers to garner and linger4. Way happening aids/proper signage must be implemented to assist people orient themselves and promote motion through unfastened public countries.5.Transit Stationss should be trip by cafe/newspapers bases or other installations to do conveyance waiting wothwhileComfort1. The usage of shelters in prosaic and transit areas/stops allows for uncomfortableness drop-off and provides remainder for walkers.2. Provision of pathway sun purifications, arc ades, and other conditions testimonial at least at received intervals will function as shelter from Sun or showers.3. Supplying a high grade of street comfortss ( benches, refuse tins, imbibing fountains ) and resting topographic points will rise the image of the street and pull all demographics to comfortably linger.4. Equally good as supplying a solution to the heat & A humidness, street trees shade and protect walkers from the rain. John walkers can as well as be protected from autos when verdure is carefully designed along kerb.5. Sidewalk with a width proportional to the have table of the TOD untaught and planned walkability degree ensures comfy walking experiences for everyone.Case surveiesSubiaco City and Claremont townspeople Centre, selected as representative surveies for this paper are juvenile both theodolite oriented countries developed in Perth part with a railroad line go throughing through. The survey country boundaries for severally include the country withi n an 800-metre radius environing the train move.Subiaco metropolis -Subiaco, cognize as Subi is a historic inner western suburb located around 3kms from Perth CBD and is focussed around a lively sell strip of Rockeby route. The Subi Centro proletariat embracing the North and West of the Subiaco railroad station began in 1994 and incorporated many new homes, concern Centres and commercial infinite. An of import facet was the undergrounding of the railroad line which in the yesteryear divided Subiaco. As an archetype of urban regeneration back uping its heritage context, the confinement achieves a high quality public kingdom.Claremont township Claremont Town Centre, another western suburb finds itself halfway of Perth CBD and Fremantle port on the north bank of bank River. Claremont Town Centre is a important obtain country concentrated around St Quentins way/Bay View Terrace and located south-central of the Claremont train station. The Claremont North East Precinct unde rtaking is an ongoing undertaking started in 2005 as an enterprise to renew the Northern portion of the town which is presently disunited from the southern portion. It aspires a vivacious mixed employ development around the Claremont football ellipse as a footprint towards societal, economic and environmental sustainability.The clothed of this study, being to measure and heighten the quality of prosaic environment, 3 methods is apply to garner information1. Ped-shed abbreviation is conducted at a 400m radius ( 5 min walk ) and an 800m radius ( 10 min- walk )2. SAFETY-ACTIVITY- COMFORT appraisal sheet is used to rate physical micro attributes of the built environment on the streets.3. observational analysis of the site pictures/personal experience information ANALYSISThe information collected from these were used to measure to what degree the factors discussed in the model and considered influential to walkability are either present or missing in these two survey countries. Pedshed ratioAnalysis of the connectivity of both TODs was assessed through the ped-shed ratios calculated. A comparing of the two diagrams that Subiacos street grid web provides many waies and committed streets, promoting them to walk and be within short walking distance of the train station. Claremont on the other manus, lacks this grade of prosaic connectivity and offers trammel path pick to the separate walking.After analyzing the connectivity of each site, visuals were gathered from sphere observations to equal one to another. The Safety-Activity-Comfort assessment sheet was so used to analyze and rate each class.Key findingsAs seen from the evaluation, Subiaco metropolis stands out footings of supplying certain coercive physical street elements that affect walkability. Observation from field analysis showed that street frontages on streets following(a) to the train station were rather lively and extremely articulated. position countries, illuming, verdures and shaded mus ca volitanss contributed to pulling prosaic activity in the country.It was gathered from observations and research that Subiacos success as a prosaic friendly vicinity was as well due to the fact that the City of Subiaco Councillors had established a vision statement of The Best Main street Village in Australia for the country. Rockeby street, in this respect, was developed as a topographic point to come back to alternatively of merely being a theodolite street and development tendencies, chances and alterations were carefully thought of so as the areas just sense of place was preserved. Famously advocated by Toderian ( 2014 ) as streets that are for people to b wait and linger, non merely travel through..places that are both ab initio attractive and sticky , ask foring people to love it and non desire to go forth it , positive thoughts of gluey street construct seems to take hold been successfully adopted in planing Subiacos knob street. With the aim of be aftering non merely for the substructure and public conveyance, but besides the stores, coffeehouse and the people, Rockeby Street has flourished as iconic community hub of societal, civic and commercial activity with public infinites as focal points.On the downside nevertheless, field observations besides indicated a figure of vacant stores or those in the procedure of shuting down in Rockeby route retail strip. High rental rates, competition from nigh precinct and over restrictive licensing policies has caused a diminution in cafe/retail strips and a 5 % retail vacancy rate in the country ( Tsagalis2012 ) . It was besides found that an alfresco dining license in Subiaco was more expensive than Western Australias average and compared to a study of local authoritiess in Perth and the eastern provinces ( Law, 2014 ) .Mayor Henderson ( 2014 ) has approached this issue saying that We are cognizant that council call for to step up to the home base and do some alterations in order to make the ring in t he chief street in Subiaco . In an attempt to promote more local concerns to race street trading/ alfresco dining countries to revitalise a spirited street and safe environment for the community, the council of the City of Subiaco has late resolved to amend bing associated fees. As of 31st October 2014, a noteworthy decrease in application/licensing fees, a m2 footing fee and the facility of low-priced short border options will be available for Subiaco retail merchants and it an addition in street activity is expected.While Claremont Town Centre signifiers portion of a outstanding retail country, it comes chiefly in the signifier of indoor promenades which attract the walkers inside or else than being on the route. The chief theodolite next route, Grugeri Street, has a space wall facade with limited or no prosaic activity. The street is besides really limited in term of comfort since the sunshades size is excessively little to supply spook or shelter. Bus tops and street comfo rtss besides lack assortment and sweetening to pull people to linger.RecommendationsApparent from the experimental audit and findings is that Claremont Town Centre has many physical failings in footings of walkability in a semitropical Tod. Because similar failings may be other western Australian TODs, some recommendations may use for multiple sites and can be used as a usher for enhanced walking experiences.It was revealed from the site observations and findings of these 2 TODs in Perth that there is some manner to travel before Western Australia can claim to hold a truly sustainable attack. Having established that urban walkability is critical to accomplish a sustainable semitropical TOD, it is of import for TOD contrivers to be able to follow a revise model of rules sing the physical environment attributes that would work best for semitropical Perth parts and amalgamate them with new advanced design schemes which would farther heighten walking in Perth. It is besides of import f or town/city contrivers to reexamine regulations and ordinances in order to increase plangency in TODs alternatively than being over restrictive.DecisionHaving established that a successful TOD walkability is straight associated with a safe, comfy and attractive prosaic environment, this paper demonstrates that careful physical planning and good urban design solutions can really much enhance the pedestrians experience. It inquiries the demands of a semitropical metropolis in term of its clime, topography and individuality and so explores a model of revised walkability rules that can be applied to the semitropical metropolis.The instance surveies reveal responses and challenges to urban design for walkability in Perth and certain successful elements are recommended as schemes to better Claremonts TOD in footings of walking experience. It besides inquiries whether over restrictive be aftering policies may necessitate to be reconsidered to maintain a TOD street alive and vivacious. It besides recommends advanced schemes of urban design that other undertakings may copy or accommodate in portion for design and place-making attacks to give a alone sense of topographic point to the semitropical TOD.Although each hereafter TOD will cover with the horde complex design challenges depending on peculiar fortunes around each undertaking, it is the purpose of this paper to excite treatment and hopefully more significant research into the planning of walkable semitropical metropoliss since so many of the worlds most quickly turning urban countries are now situated in the tropical and semitropical zones.