Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary Literature review

Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary schools in New Zealand - Literature review Example What is Feedback? Feedback is often described as a systematic dialogue between teachers and students. A proper feedback can help both to assess their strategies.To be more precise,for students it is a method to ascertain the effectiveness of their learning strategies. On the other hand, for teachers, it is a method to assess the problems faced by students. As a result, the teachers are able to adapt more student friendly teaching methods A carefully designed classroom lesson attracts more attention from students (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148). In many literatures the description coined by Ramprasad (1983, p. 4) â€Å"Feedback is information about the gap between the actual level and the reference level of a system parameter which is used to alter the gap in some way† is used to define feedback. However, many scholars are of the opinion that such definitions of feedback, makes it a complete responsibility of the teachers. On the other hand, an effective feedback require s both the teachers as well as the students to give their serious effort. (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148) In 2006 Boston Consultancy Group (BCG), conducted a survey in the primary school of Bellfield in Victoria, Australia. The survey clearly indicated that Feedback in school level balances positive aspects of teaching with room for future improvement. The survey also showed that feedback encourages teachers to build up their confidence. The survey further showed that constructive and properly tailored feedback help teachers to formulate new methodologies to improve learning in their class... The teachers must gain the student’s confidence. A feedback, which is very critical by nature, can make students feel incompetent. In feedback, teachers need to highlight the achievements of the students in a realistic yet positive manner. By providing students non-judgmental feedback, the teachers can become their mentor. The greatest fear that students have is the fear of being wrong, and it is the responsibility of teachers to encourage them to come out of their inhibition. (Gager and Berliner, 1991 p. 143, 349) Feedback can be categorized into two category, namely â€Å"Formative† and â€Å"Summative† assessment. Formative assessment involves regular feedback throughout the academic year. On the other hand, summative feedback is the assessment done at the end of the academic term. Formative assessment In case of formative assessment, the approach is a combination of formal and informal processes applied by students and teachers for improving the learning expe rience. Formative assessment done by teachers mainly focus on the following points (Heritage and Stigler, 2010, p. 56) The direction in which the student is heading, i.e. the strategy the student is following. The current state of the student The direction the student must take next to make further improvements The priority in formative assessment is to set the learning goals along with the success criteria for each lesson. The feedback help teachers to shape up their curriculum in such a way that the students are able to close the gap between his or her current learning ability and the goal they have set for themselves. The teachers must be aware of certain factors, when they formulate their formative assessment strategies. There are certain factors, which must be

The impact( positive and negative) on the customer relationship Essay

The impact( positive and negative) on the customer relationship management in the hospitality and tourism - Essay Example 221) stated that CRM has many definitions depending on different people and their industry and in most cases it is also referred to as relationship marketing. CRM can be defined as a marketing method that allows a company or an organization to use its available resources to establish a lasting relationship with customers, thus gaining a competitive advantage compared to its competitors (Mohammed & Rashid 2012, p.221). It can also be defined as a method of retaining clients using after sales strategies. CRM, if properly implemented, can be suitable for the hospitality and tourism industry considering that hotels and other industry players get lots of information regarding their clients. An effective CRM programme should ensure that the customers get the best experience, decrease management cost, source new customers and increase profitability (Sotoudeh 2006, p.1). This paper will critically look at  the impact of the customer relationship management in the hospitality and tourism. A dvantages Marketing CRM is an activity that helps to source for customers and retaining them (Ku 2010, p. 1085). CRM focuses more on retaining existing customers for repurchase than recruiting new customers as well as increasing client base through referrals from the existing clients. In most cases, companies use the available resources such as the employees, technologies and their databases to set up this system. These methods are cheaper than advertising and marketing to new customers. It ensures that the company grows their customer from the existing customer base. CRM can also help to indentify the lost customers or those that are almost moving out, to ensure they are won back. Long lasting relationship also helps to minimize the effects of the competition through word of mouth by their customers. They benefit financially due to a lower marketing cost. Ensuring Customer Satisfaction Customers should get value for their money from the services paid for. Repeat customers feel atta ched to the service providers and thus are able to bond with companies’ employees. The existing database can be analysed by the company to improve the services offered. In the hospitality sector, there is direct interaction between the company or its employees and the customers as they deliver their services. Proper interaction helps service providers understand their customers and thus help them develop proper plans that suit the customer’s needs. Having a direct interaction helps to develop trust between the involved parties. According to the study by Hashem (2012, p. 132) in Jordan, most hotels that use CRM has higher customer satisfaction. Relationship marketing together with CRM translates to repeat customers and customer loyalty (Shirazi & Som 2011, p. 82). Increase in Revenue Well designed CRM should help a firm reduce cost and increase revenue by enhancing client loyalty. It helps to put together information from within and without the organization. This inform ation can be used by the company to understand the market trends and specific customers’ needs. CRM helps to ensure customer satisfaction and, therefore, long term relationship. Company’s personnel interact directly with the consumers and their actions impact directly the customers (Kattara et al. 2008, p. 310). Good service by the employees leads to

Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary Literature review

Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary schools in New Zealand - Literature review Example What is Feedback? Feedback is often described as a systematic dialogue between teachers and students. A proper feedback can help both to assess their strategies.To be more precise,for students it is a method to ascertain the effectiveness of their learning strategies. On the other hand, for teachers, it is a method to assess the problems faced by students. As a result, the teachers are able to adapt more student friendly teaching methods A carefully designed classroom lesson attracts more attention from students (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148). In many literatures the description coined by Ramprasad (1983, p. 4) â€Å"Feedback is information about the gap between the actual level and the reference level of a system parameter which is used to alter the gap in some way† is used to define feedback. However, many scholars are of the opinion that such definitions of feedback, makes it a complete responsibility of the teachers. On the other hand, an effective feedback require s both the teachers as well as the students to give their serious effort. (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148) In 2006 Boston Consultancy Group (BCG), conducted a survey in the primary school of Bellfield in Victoria, Australia. The survey clearly indicated that Feedback in school level balances positive aspects of teaching with room for future improvement. The survey also showed that feedback encourages teachers to build up their confidence. The survey further showed that constructive and properly tailored feedback help teachers to formulate new methodologies to improve learning in their class... The teachers must gain the student’s confidence. A feedback, which is very critical by nature, can make students feel incompetent. In feedback, teachers need to highlight the achievements of the students in a realistic yet positive manner. By providing students non-judgmental feedback, the teachers can become their mentor. The greatest fear that students have is the fear of being wrong, and it is the responsibility of teachers to encourage them to come out of their inhibition. (Gager and Berliner, 1991 p. 143, 349) Feedback can be categorized into two category, namely â€Å"Formative† and â€Å"Summative† assessment. Formative assessment involves regular feedback throughout the academic year. On the other hand, summative feedback is the assessment done at the end of the academic term. Formative assessment In case of formative assessment, the approach is a combination of formal and informal processes applied by students and teachers for improving the learning expe rience. Formative assessment done by teachers mainly focus on the following points (Heritage and Stigler, 2010, p. 56) The direction in which the student is heading, i.e. the strategy the student is following. The current state of the student The direction the student must take next to make further improvements The priority in formative assessment is to set the learning goals along with the success criteria for each lesson. The feedback help teachers to shape up their curriculum in such a way that the students are able to close the gap between his or her current learning ability and the goal they have set for themselves. The teachers must be aware of certain factors, when they formulate their formative assessment strategies. There are certain factors, which must be

Economics and ethics Essay Example for Free

Economics and ethics Essay Describe the tension that exists in businesses today between economics and ethics. Do you think that there really does have to be a tradeoff between economics and ethics? What strategies can be implemented to avoid this tension? Provide examples and research to support your thinking. The reading by Tima Bansal describes the back and forth tension of economics versus ethics. The article states, â€Å"On the one hand, social programs come at an economic cost and firms should not engage in activities that do not have a clear return. On the other hand, economic returns create social costs (Bansal, 2005).† The author then proceeds to explain that this tradeoff between ethics and economics isn’t necessary and that companies should find the overlapping space where activities are both financially profitable, and socially and environmentally responsible (Bansal, 2005) I agree with the author that companies need to be smart and make good decisions and it may take more effort, but if the effort is given the reward will be worth it. I don’t think a tradeoff is necessary if the effort is put forth like in the examples the author gives. By having cross-functional team meetings or involving the shareholders through community involvement in the two examples provided, the companies were able to meet the middle ground and maintain their responsibility (Bansal, 2005). I work for a small company and every month a charitable organization is supported through donations and the company matches what the employees contribute. I think it’s nice to have this involvement. With so many options, the company may have a tough time deciding on where it should contribute to society, but by letting the employees have a voice, they can openly affect those organizations that the employees feel would impact the most. Bansal, T. (2005). Building sustainable value through fiscal and social responsibility. Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/building-sustainable-value-through-fiscal-and-social-responsibility/ Final Project Milestone #2: The Three Spheres In a journal post titled 2-2: The Three Spheres, explain how your chosen company has demonstrated corporate citizenship in the economic, political, and civil spheres. Provide specific examples. Be sure to examine what the company says about itself, what you have experienced, and what other stakeholders have said or experienced. Cite at least two sources. This milestone will be graded using the Journal Rubric. Be sure to clearly address the questions in the prompt in your journal entry. The post should be at least 350-500 words, applying relevant research, citing at least two sources in each entry. Be as clear and scholarly as you can in your writing style; and of course, be sure your entry is free of errors in organization and grammar. Courtney Croce 2.2: The Three Spheres Target Corporation The three spheres of corporate social responsibility include economical, political, and civic. To achieve and maintain profitability, it’s said that corporations must learn to operate successfully within all three. Economics includes initiatives that help increase profits to the shareholders. Politics includes abiding by rules and laws and business power in society. Civil surrounds enhancing lives of the shareholders. Economically, Target has reduced it’s packaging on many levels of the items it sells. They also began using flexible envelopes in shipping online orders, which reduced packaging by 89 percent. As a result they expect to ship 50000 fewer pounds of cardboard every year. Other than offering lower prices Target wants its products to be made with integrity by qualified vendors who treat workers well, who obey the law, and whose processes minimize their effect on the environment. They’ve begun to do this by working closely with their vendors and setting clear expectations through Standards of Vendor Engagement. They require all vendors to behave to the principles they’ve established and they monitor their progress. Target starts with the basics from the political standpoint, which is ensuring they are abiding by every law and regulation that pertains to the business. They also expect all team members to behave with personal and professional integrity. To support their team members they clearly list the requirements in the Business Conduct Guide, they have a dedicated Corporate Compliance and Ethics Team, have teams focused on building and sustaining business compliance programs and offer integrity training. All of these initiatives help ensure that everyone at Target is abiding by the laws and regulations. Target’s civil responsibility is currently focusing on education. They have set a goal to $1 billion to education by the end of 2015. They have started doing several things like donating books, and providing food pantries for families to help set students, parents, and teachers up for success. They’ve decided to focus on education after gathering information from their customers indicating that that is a popular concern amongst. The EVP also expressed concerns about the reading level and that those who are unable to read by the age of three are less likely to graduate. https://corporate.target.com/corporate-responsibility/education https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2013-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf

Disadvantages Of Having A Global Language

Disadvantages Of Having A Global Language Plans and ideas that are organised by the business leaders for their organisations future period is strategic plan. Business leaders should accept that yesterdays success does not ensure organisations future success. In a humorous vein, V. in the book The Mafia Manager puts it this way: If you dont know where you are going, you wont get there or anyplace else. (Ref-1) DEFFINITION. Systematic process of envisioning a desired future, and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them. (Ref-2) IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING. In order to make your organisation successful, you need a Roadmap for Success. It gives a direction to the organisation, where to go and how to go. It gives direction to the employees, how to achieve the targets. Goal Congruence, when the objectives of all employees are coincides with the objectives of the organisation. Strategic planning also creates Motivation in employees. While making strategic plan we do keep in mind some things like our customers approach, their mind, what they think about our organisation and their feedback. In this way we can understand our customers and keep in mind them while making our business strategies. We also take feedback of our employees. It makes the communication stronger between the strategic level and operational level. It also motivates the employees and let them feel they are the part of organisation. After all these are the employees who will complete the organisations plans and goals and achievements. Basically making a strategic plan is not that difficult. It only needs some feedback from customers and employees and some thoughts, but organisation needs their employees for long run and they want their motivation and some customers needs also. Strategic planning Creates Vision and Direction that is simple and clear. DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN: STRATEGIC PLANING. The process of determining a companys long-term goals and then identifying the best approach for achieving those goals. (Ref-3) STAGES OF A STRATEGIC PLAN. There are four main stages of strategic plan! Mission statement Objectives Goals and Action plan MISSION STATEMENT. A statement which shows the purpose of a company or organisation. It is a formal, concise and written statement. It explains the reasons of the existence of the company. The Mission statement should point out its overall goals, guide about the actions of the company, shows the direction of the company, and provide the decision making process. It provides a framework by which the company formulate its strategies. Mission statement of a company often contains the following! Aim of the company. The companys primary stakeholders. Responsibilities of the company. Companys services and products. A mission statement can be use as a tool to resolve the matters between companys stakeholders. Companys stakeholders include employees (managers and executives), board of directors, stockholders, customers, distributers, suppliers, governments, NGOs, unions, creditors, competitors and general public as well. OBJECTIVES. Here we develop a long term measureable and specific objectives to deal with our companys most critical issues, thats what we call it strategic objectives. Strategic objectives are normally of timeframe of 3 to 5 years or more. They could be 8 to 12 months but it does not mean they are non strategic objectives. Typically, but not always, strategic plans have multiyear timeframes accordance of achievements and multi functional in its nature. DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES. While making strategic planning, we align the critical issues with reference which we identified. Start from the most critical issues and discuss ways to address it. Make the ideas positive in concept and wording. Focus on the long term goals, not on the short term objectives and problems. After you have completed the prioritization then start on the issues and try to make them easy and workable for the staff and employees. EXAMPLES OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES. In making some sense that how strategic objectives look like in real companys here are some examples! GROWTH. Here we see the growth of the company. Are our long term plans improving the growth of our company? SAFETY. We have made our work place injury free. MANAGEMENT. We have a complete management team and we can meet our strategic objectives. EMPLOYEES. We have reduced our employee turnover ratio. And our employees are well motivated. QUALITY. Our product quality is error free and excellent. GOALS. Strategic goals can be define as, what the company wants and expecting and trying for as a whole after some planning and making some objectives. Goals could be a successful company in any field or general. Goals could be long term and short term. Goals could be a length of six months, one year, 3 years and ten years. Some companys set long term goals before the short term goals, as achieving step by step short term goals leading to achieve long term goals more easily. There are 2 types of goals! Result oriented. Profit oriented. Result oriented goals are, we will increase our market price, return on capital investment, share price etc. Profit oriented goals are how many new products we will introduce in the market this year, how many new plants we have installed, reduce employment turnover ratio. Well in both cases goals are measurable. ACTION PLAN. When we set our goals and objectives in order to attain out missions then we make an action plan by which we can achieve our objectives and goals. Without the action plan its impossible to implement a plan and measure its ratio of success. First we see what our action plans are and how we can put them together in getting desired results. To do this all we need a team got manager and team members. They should assign their work and manager supervises them. Participation which leads to commitment is the big advantage of team work. (Ref-4) SWOT ANALYSIS. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method which is used to evaluate the organisations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT ANALYSIS OF next plc. INTRODUCTION. Next is a UK based retailer offering exciting, beautifully designed, excellent quality fashion and accessories for men, women and children together with a full range of home wares. Next distributes through three main channels. Next retail, its a chain, got more than 500 stores in UK and Eire; Next Directory, a home shopping catalogue and a website with more than 2 M active customers; Next International, have more than 180 stores throughout continental Europe, Scandinavia, Japan, India, the middle east and Russia and an international website serving the USA and over 30 other countries worldwide. The parent company, next plc, registered with London stock exchange and its head office is located in ender by on the outskirts of Leicester, England. Its a member of the FTSE 100 index. Total revenue of the year ended January 2010 were  £3.4 billion with before-tax profits of  £505 million. Basically its founded by J Hepworth Sons with the name of Gentlemans Tailors in Leeds, England. Hepworth buys a chain of Kendalls rainwear shops to develop a women ware group of stores called next in 1981. The first women ware store opens in 12th February 1982 and it reaches to 70 around the UK at the end of July. In 1984 next launches its menswear in august and by December it had 52 menswear stores in UK. In 1987 next launches children ware. In 2010 Next confirmed as Official Clothing and Home ware Supplier to the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics Games. SWOT ANALYSIS. Next uses SWOT analysis to find out its strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities and unaware threats to company. By using SWOT analysis Next Plc can overcome its weaknesses and threats and can get benefit from its strengths and opportunities. Lets have a look on nexts SWOT analysis below! STRENGTHS. Strengths could be the companys location or its unique marketing expertise. The main strength of next plc is its holding age group from 20 to 40. Next sells a great variety and quality of adult wears under its named tag. But some of its competitors are not that successful in satisfying its customers in this segment. Next use to sell its quality and stylish products in reasonable prices with its own tag. As next uses its own name on tags so it reacts quickly in any complain or update and keep on trying to improve its standard and quality and keen to satisfy its customers needs. And it got total control on its quality management Customers concern only with nexts tag on cloths because they understood that cloths selling under nexts tag are of good quality in any aspect. It got 500 stores in UK and Eire. Next has a pretty old history and experience in the field of retail and garments. Next deals with luxury brand named Signature. Next used to do next day delivery for the orders placed before 5pm from next directory. WEAKNESSES. Next has to acknowledge its weaknesses in order to improve and manage them. The weaknesses of Next include: If we see the customers trend towards shopping, they are focussing more on internet than to visit stores. By looking at this trend net should focus on e-commerce but if we see the spending of next on this field is just  £125000. While its competitors spending more generously like Debenhams invest  £5 million on internet technology while M S has spent  £50 million on e-commerce and digital TV. Next should spend reasonable amount to stay in this market. Next used to do a concentration of similar type of clothing in the retail business. If its competitors hold the market or if the customers changed their minds or if the fashion trend is changed then Next should face very difficulties to stay in market. Next works in UK so any policy about British pound will affect the Nexts position in market. OPPORTUNITIES. Next got 500 stores around UK and Eire. If we see the retail market, we can see that Next can find a suitable space to grow in the market by increasing its number of stores all over the world. It can introduce Next in other countries where they have not approach yet but still there is scope in the market. Next can gain a wide range of market by reducing its prices to a small extent as its competitors are selling their products at high prices. Next should invest on e-commerce and digital TV to improve its competitive position in the retail market. Next should open new stores on new and stylish locations because this is the era of glamour. Next is the official supplier of 2012 Olympic events. This is great opportunity for next to explore itself as a unique and stylish brand in retail market and make its competitive position more strong. THREATS. The biggest threat to Next is the low market growth and strong competition. Some companies in the retail market use very aggressive ways to capture market or maintain their competitive position. Some companies get their products ready from some third world countries with cheaper labour and used to sell their products in the market at less price compared with their competitors. Next need to work hard to retain its competitive position in market, as there are more competitors in the market. It needs to adjust its prices which are more competitive. Next needs to satisfy its customers in order to retain them. (ref5) IMPORTANCE OF PORTERS INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL: Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 presented a framework for the industry analysis and strategies for business development. He shows that there are five forces which determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market, and here attractiveness means the overall profitability of the industry. Three of his five forces refer to competition from external sources and the rest are from internal threats. Porters five forces rule is very powerful rule to understand where the potential and power lies in a business market. It can also help to see the companys strengths and weaknesses in the moving market and how can we overcome our threats to attain and achieve our companys opportunities. We can use this analysis to identify, whether the market got the potential to be profitable for new product, services or business. This analysis suggests that managers should focus and understood about the business internet forces and the market competitive situations in order to make affective strategies for business. PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL. POTENTIAL ENTRANTS Threats of new entrants INDUSTRY COMPETITORS RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING FIRMS Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers SUPPLIERS BUYERS SUBSTITUTESThreats of substitute products or services PORTERS INDUTRY STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF Next Plc. By using Porters five forces analysis model we can assess the capabilities and potential of Next Plc in the market. Analysis is as follows! BARGAINING POWER OF CUSTOMERS (BUYERS). Under some conditions buyers role in the market varies, depends on the market condition. If there is one buyer in the market and more than two suppliers then buyer fix the price but if there are a lot of buys and one supplier, the situation would be different. If we see the situation of Next in the market, there are some powerful competitors in the market, so Next should be very careful about its policies about prices and quality. Most of the buyers want some bargain on the ticket price and management have to cut prices to avoid losing sales. Sometimes customers assume the price cuts that they are doing lower down their quality. Well if the management cut the price for a customer to retain them but still there is no surety that he will be loyal with Next or who knows what buyers choice is? Next also needs to know that its customers have that knowledge that they know what it is selling in the market and why its products are different and of high quality in what aspects. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS. Suppliers are the inputs in any industry and if the suppliers of raw material, skilled labour of or in any field or services or components, refuse to work with any industry they can easily get their terms like charge high prices for expertise. Well it depends on the market situation as well. If we see the situation of Next Plc in the market then no supplier can refuse to supply its products or raw materials to Next for some terms or to charge some extra prices, because this market got a lot of suppliers and Next can easily replace its any supplier. NEW ENTRANTS TO THE INDUSTRY. The new entrants in the market are a big threat to any industry. Basically Next has no threat from the new companies if they are introducing themselves in the market because its very difficult and need a lot of finance and struggle to be competitors of Next. But Next has a threat from existing big brands in the market like Marks and Spencer. If they introduce themselves in the market to capture it then Next would be in a trouble and Next is aware of that. Next also threat of the big brands like Donna Karan and Calvin Klein. If they open their stores in the busy high streets like Ralph Lauren or New Bond Street, it would create trouble for Next to stay in the market, as these companies got a lot of money, powerful market knowledge and power to enter in the clothing industry. SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES. The threats of substitutes do not affect Next and this is not a big issue in the clothing industry. Like a pullover could be a substitute for a jacket or a trouser for skirts but next is providing all these items anyway so the threat of substitute to Next is nothing to worry about. But if Next fails to note the customers trends then it would be a problem. As customers see the Next as trendier company in the market and if its products are not that stylish and of not quality of the latest trend then it really disappoint its customers and it would lose them. INTENSITY OF RIVALRY. In this part of porters analysis, we see the competitive situations of the companies in the market. If we see the situation of Next in context of competition in this market then its very hard to survive because the situation is very tough. There are a huge number of retailers in the clothing market in the UK. And Next got threat from its rivals like Marks and Spencer, Zara, Gap etc. Every company needs to attract and hold maximum customers in the market to survive. Customers see the best offers in the market that attracts them so to gain the customers, companies need to cut their prices and focus on their customer care department. If Next wants to gain market share then it needs to take sale from its competitors and it will leads to rivalry. (Ref-6)

Conflict and Ambiguity in The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber :: essays papers

Conflict and Ambiguity in The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber I recently read Earnest Hemingway's "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber." This is a story about a thirty-five year old man, Francis Macomber who is on an African safari hunt with his wife, Margot. Led by his guide, Robert Wilson, Macomber tries to display his manhood by killing dangerous creatures. This in fact has the exact opposite effect when he humiliates himself by running from a wounded lion. Samuel Shaw stated in Earnest Hemingway, "†¦this is about much more than a hunting yarn, although it is that, too. It is a story that examines that elemental bases of the male-female relationship and the sources of human freedom and dependence" (82). The situation is complicated when Margot sleeps with Wilson and Macomber knows about it. Macomber has another chance to prove himself when they go into an island of trees to shoot a wounded buffalo. This time he stands his ground and shoots repeatedly as the buffalo charges forward. Seeing the whole situation from the car Ma rgot shoots at the last instant, and in a brilliant ending by Hemmingway, misses and hits Macomber right in the back of the head, leaving the reader to wonder, "Did she mean to hit him?" Prevalent in this story is Hemmingway's use of the literary conventions conflict and ambiguity. Conflict is described by James H. Pickering as, "The struggle or encounter within the plot of two opposing forces that serves to create reader interest and suspense" (1169). This is found all throughout this story. (1169) Macomber faces both internal and external conflict. The author displays conflict between Macomber and his wife: He was very wealthy, and would be much wealthier, and he knew she would not leave him ever now. That was one of the few things that he really knew†¦ His wife had been a great beauty and she was still a great beauty in Africa, but she was not a great enough beauty any more at home to be able to leave him and better herself and she knew it and he knew it. She had missed the chance to leave him and he knew it. If he had been better with women she would probably have started to worry about him getting another new, beautiful wife; but she knew too much about him to worry about him either.

Challenges Faced by Leaders in Early Contemporary Years :: Social Issues, Collaboration, Communication

Katzenbach and smith (1993) state that ‘‘a team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, approach and performance goals for which they hold themselves mutually accountable’’ as each individual needs to be given the opportunity to put forward and link their personal strengths with their roles and responsibilities in order to enhance and empower the team as a whole. ‘’There is a failure in society to have a single, clear view of the function of early childhood provisions’’ (Jones and Pound, 2008, p. 22). This could cause implications for professionals working together as they could disagree on the goals or outcomes of the setting. Leaders need to support the practitioners within the setting and encourage them to reach their full potential. In contrast, many practitioners may not want to take on the roles of a leader. Jones and Pound (2006) suggest many practitioners have assumed the role rather than applied for it. Often these changes can cause many problems to those who try to resist it due to not wanting extra work or even because they simply do not understand the new job role. Leaders can overcome this by ensuring all practitioners are treated equally and all ideas are considered (Pound and Jones 2008). Wall (2006) embraces Lumsden’s (2005) notion suggesting that a collaboration between professionals is essential to share expertise, information and skills. Wall (2006) supports the need for information to be shared in order to meet the needs of the families. This implies that it is a relationship between individual practitioners that will ultimately decide whether multi agency is effective or not. Jones and Pound (2008) state that a characteristic of an effective multi agency team can exchange information using agreed communication systems. However; there are various challenges which can arise from this, such as; practitioners not having enough time to share information on a regular basis due to their responsibilities. Occasionally co-location makes this easier. Children centres are an ‘’exciting and promising initiative’’ built upon from the governments 10 year strategy for children offering a wide range of services combined in order to make a †˜one stop shop’ which provides resources for lower-income families (Pugh and Duffy 2010 p. 123). Additional government funding has been set in place intended to improve practice and level of qualifications in the early year’s sector. Pugh and Duffy (2010) suggested this was needed to improve practitioners knowledge.