Friday, October 4, 2019
Apple Company Recommendation proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Apple Company Recommendation proposal - Essay Example The study will also reflect the position of trade and business between United States and Chile, followed by the background of the Chilean mobile phone market. The study will discuss the methodology adapted for finding a solution to the problem followed by the analysis of the data collected from the customers of Chile. The data presentation section will reflect the responses of these customers based on which the analysis have been done. Finally the study will be concluding with the recommendations provided to Apple Inc for its entry into the new market. Introduction Apple Inc., which was formerly known as Apple Computer Inc. is a multinational corporation whose headquarter is located in Cupertino, California. It is involved in the designing, development and selling of computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers. The most renowned hardware products of the company are Mac line computers, the iPad tablet (computers), the iPhone smart phone and the iPod music players. T he software of the company includes the OS X & iOS operating systems, Safari web browser, iTunes media browser, the iWork creativity and other production suites. Apple was founded on 1st April 1976 and it was incorporated as the Apple Computer Inc. on 3rd January 1977. ... The company is second largest in the world as a publicly traded corporation because of the market capitalization of US $ 414 (as on January 2013) (The Telegraph, 2013). The company has approximately 72800 full time (permanent employees) and 3300 full time (temporary employees) (APPLE INC., 2012). The annual revenue (as on 2012) was $156 billion. Purpose The main purpose of this project is to develop a recommendation proposal for the expansion of the business operations of Apple in Chile. One of the recent problems of Apple is related to its innovation. The company needs to implement strategies for overcoming this situation. It needs to find an innovative product apart from the general category of products offered by the competitors. The company’s inability in leveraging the value from the $137 billion of cash pile reveals that the innovation problems of the company are really big and significant. The expansion of the business in the Chilean mobile market will increase its dema nd in the new market. As the per capita income of the company is high, the customers will be willing to pay for the high end products with latest technological skills as they will earn better experience. This will help the company to earn higher revenue and solve the business problem related to the innovation. The target customers of Apple are: The middle or upper income customers who are always willing to pay a higher price for the purpose of better experience are the target customer segment of the company. The people who prefer having fun with the latest technology are set as the target customers for the company. Background The entire study deals with the entry of Apple Inc into the Chile mobile market. The United States –
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Organisational Structure Key terms Chain of command Essay Example for Free
Organisational Structure Key terms Chain of command Essay Chain of command Line linking the top of the structure to the bottom workers Top to bottom Responsibility Accountability Horizontal People on the same line, but usually in different departments. A span of control is the number of people one person is in charge of. Tall Hierarchal structures Those with a long chain of command Management communicate with those directly below them and further down the line. Example: Marks and Spencer, Next, theyre normally formal organisations. They are tall because there are a lot of people working for them. Advantages Clear chain of command Staff know where they stand They know who there boss is Chances of promotion They know there entitlements and rights Specialist departments Disadvantages Takes more time to make a decision Inflexible, people only know there area of work, and cant cover for someone who is not in that works in another area. Information might get misinterpreted and distorted along the line of communication because there are so many links in the chain. Read more:Â Walgreens Organizational Structure Matrix Structure Sometimes an organisation needs to run according to what projects they have to do. In these situations people usually work together in a team to achieve their projects goals. A person working on a project would have two bosses, the boss of the department that they work in and the leader or manager of the particular project that they are working on at the moment. A project may cover some or all of the organisations departmental areas. Senior manager heads a division or team of specialists drawn from different departments. A specialist (e.g. finance) can be part of a number of teams or divisions Advantages Promotes coordination between departments cuts across departmental boundaries flexibility and creativity Mixture of knowledge and skills Allows a range of staff to be involved which gives good experience. Disadvantages Confusion between managers who are dealing with a number of projects at one time Projects may be temporary Too many people involved to make decisions.
The Importance Of Unix
The Importance Of Unix Unix is not limited to specific computers other operating system like using a microprocessor as a cpu. .the good thing about this is that it run on all sizes of computers using a wide range of microprocessors.moerover ,current versions of many other operating systems have been revised to include the capability to run unix applications and connect smoothly with unix. The operating system unix was found on its begginings of MULTICS.and it stands for multiplexed operating and computing system, where the whole project began on 1960s time period and in 1969 the project was pulled out by bell laboratories. it plays a precious role by counting all of the various flavors of UNIX and all of the Linux Flavors (which are sort of descendants of UNIX systems) would make up a large portion of all of the computers in operation. The operating system unix has a great importance because it was mainly designed to handle multiple user which was connected to a central hub which, in turn, it may be connected with the other hubs. This defines a network with a star topology which, amazingly enough, is the same as the basic structure of the entire internet. the most prevalent operating system in use was unix which In a nut shell is an operating system which at one point in time. This operating system has a graet impact in business and scientific sectors. We also heard about a UNIX system and non-ATT around 1990 or 1991, from the study we have found that there are a lots of incidence at a Usenix conference whre they working as a team in a different version with that of BSD UNIX that had been purged of ATT codeon when this kind of thing was really anacademic effort- there was no way we can run on a cheap Intel-based Pc. However it was also familiar as a long-term goal of the GNU project there must have a complete OS, although is true that in the earlier times they were still trying to focus on commands and compilers. When we started with linux some years ago on fooling around , and it creates a awareness in the real-world installations like Google, it was out of our idea that how good linux was,because we are trying to look at it as a user, not as a systems programmer. Once we start updating a book, and we found nice result, which forced me to go deeeper. We have started working with different linux systems like FreeBSD and SuSE we found that it was running on two spare desktop boxes. After that we decided to buy a another another box to run Solaris, and we did it and finally decided to add it in a Macintosh to run OS X, where a UNIX kernel (Darwin) was existed. There was a book in which it was more than 17000 lines of different example code was there which was covered about 300 system calls, and we are trying to test all the examples on all four systems. We are trying to find out How the other three systems would stack up against Linux, where each of which was came or originated in some way from genuine UNIX ATT? We found a surprising result, as it turned out True, the Linux we were using the latest UNIX standard was well behind Solaris in conforming to, however it was lack of POSIX threads ,POSIX interprocess communication, , and a some other system calls, but the real thing was that whatever was there was complete ,solid, and, especially,more than enough. We have discovered Linux its targeted at the most critical industrial applications, has no academic exercise.Furthermore, although we are trying to write the book , Linux 0/s kept evolving. It has now POSIX threads. It has a great commercial domination, we have good idea that linux creates a big role , on SCOs litigation judging from the news articles about, Microsofts jitters , and Suns decline.However the most important thing of Linux is socially and technically? Its this: Linux and the BSD-derived systems are open source, Unlike other UNIX clones, , so that the users can have the source if they want to use it or simply want it, they can also that vendors who improve the source. We have different examples of that .for example Red Hat, have to share their improvements.the users have a chioce to be totally self-sufficient, building their own kernel and compiler. Otherwise , they have a choice to use a commercial distribution, and they still have the ability or chance to make their own. ambitious professionals and Students can learn how a real OS is put together. If we think about developing countries Linux is perfect, because to educate their knowledge workersand to make them skilled , they can use it.on the other hand, they can deploy by running afoul of intellectual-property agreements,or without spending cash or and which can make them self-sufficient rather than being dependent on European technology companies and US . From a statistics we have found that in the last 30 years, the operating system UNIX is still known as the storong, versatile,in a word simply the best operating systems in the world. howeverThe popularity of this operating system is hinges on its simplicity, its it has a ability in running in various different machines, open standards design, and it is also good for its portability system. The important thing about UNIX is that it was and reliable, multi-user, secure, operating system that continues to dominate the enterprise Web- and application-hosting landscape.. In the present time the computer experts believe that for the web hosting unix is the best choice , where the another best alternative is linux ®, and someof The biggest vendors like ibm are strongly backing . One of the biggest reasons for using Unix is networking capability. With other operating systems, additional software must be purchased for networking. With Unix, networking capability is simply part of the operating system. Unix is ideal for such things as world wide e-mail and connecting to the Internet. If we try to compare between windows and linux we can find a clear idea.which one is more secure,reliable and chatheap. From the statistics we have found that We know that unix operating system is more secure,reliable and less expensive than that of microsoft ® Windows NT ® servers.. it is out of our skepticism that, each point can be argued, but no one can argue the fact that many UNIX operating system flavors are free. Everybody need to remember one thing about the operating system unix is that it is open source. Even if we think about security, one of the report showing a different result which is an aggregation of UNIX operating systemflavors versus Windows operating system in a different battle field likely Web-hosting environment clearly reveals that it takes a lot of time if the hacker want to hack a unix based server. If we assume an enterprise which is based on microsoft based messaging but not independant,where Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), Office Accessà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, BizTalk ® Server, or any other proprietary software, for instance, Windows servers will undoubtedly be a piece of the SOA puzzle that this article reviews, the reason behind this is that as they have no other choice if they need to run that kind of software. Unix operating system was written in a machine independent language. So Unix and unix-like operating systems can run on a variety of hardware. These systems are available from many different sources, some of them at no cost. Because of this diversity and the ability to utilize the same user-interface on many different systems, Unix is said to be an opensystem.. Everything in UNIX is either a file or a process.A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (process identifier).A file is a collection of data. They are created by users using text editors, running compilers etc. Although we dont need to say, what the future may bring-virtualization; complete services-, mash-up-, or portlet-based application front ends with shared computing hosting and database environments-somewhere out there you will still have UNIX servers doing what they do best: providing a reliable operating system to host a variety of Web computing needs. From this information we can get a clear idea of the history of UNIX servers in the enterprise and how important they are to the SOA puzzle drills into and exposes which technologies are used for each SOA implementation and the platforms on which they perform best. Reference and bibliography: 1.understanding operating systems fourth edition , by ida M.Flynn Mclver Mchoes. 2.operating systems internals and design principles, fifth edition by william stallings. 3. http://www.unix.com/ 4. http://tutorial.jcwcn.com/Operating-Systems/Linux/Linux-and-other-OSs/2008-09-16/10803.html 5. http://www.sharadavikas.com/CourceMeterials/mca34.PDF. 6. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/?ito=1640 7. http://www.computing.net/
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Hamlet Spying And Deception :: essays research papers
Who’s there?'; (1,I,1), is the opening line of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, a question asked by a soldier on guard duty. A sentinel starting his midnight shift normally expects to relieve his fellow sentry as usual; yet he still wonders and challenges the identity of his fellow sentry, because he wonders if it may be someone spying. The question displays that there is a need to assure that one is not being deceived. Spying and deception introduce the play and continue to dominate the play, contributing to a major theme of Hamlet. The theme of ‘appearance versus reality'; is developed through the deception and spying in the play.      The tone of deception is initiated by Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, now, the bestial King of Denmark. Claudius’ murderous actions are revealed by Old Hamlet’s ghost. The visitations explain the background to Denmark’s deception. “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown'; (1,V,39-40). The first speech by Claudius is well organized and is clever enough to conceal his deadly sin which was committed through ambition and possibly lust:                     Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.           With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts-           A witched wit, and gifts that have the power           So to seduce! - won to his shameful lust           The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (1,V,42-46) On more than one occasion Claudius sends Rosencrants and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Although they are supposed to be Hamlet’s schoolmates, Claudius uses them as pawns in his attempt to reveal what Hamlet is doing. Claudius gets Rosencrants and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet on his way to be killed. Although Claudius states that he loves Hamlet, he arranges for Hamlet to be killed in England. When his original plan is unsuccessful, he schemes a trap for Hamlet to fall into. The guilt from Claudius’ deception and spying eventually builds up on him:                     O ‘tis too true.           How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience           The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plast’ring art,           Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it           Than is my deed to my most painted word.           O heavy burden!     (3,I,49-53) Claudius obtains the crown by corruption and in doing so he is the beginning of the eventual tragedy.      Polonius has many deceptive roles in the play, as well as some warnings concerning this deceit. At first he warns Laertes, who is on his way to school, to trust no one. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,/ For loan oft loses both itself and friend,/And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.'; (1,III,75-77). He then warns Ophelia, his daughter, of the trickery Hamlet plays
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
Dylan Thomas :: essays research papers fc
                                                                 Dylan Thomas combines his vibrant imagery with his adolescent experiences in South Whales and London to produce the realistic tale â€Å"The Followers†. His interest in writing short stories like â€Å"The Followers†stems from the beginning part of his life.      Thomas spent his days growing up in Swansea, South Whales with his father, a grammar school English teacher. His father encouraged his early interest in reading and writing. Some of his early poetry was published in local literary writing journals. Thomas grew up in the late 1920’s and the 1930’s. â€Å"In the 1930’s, when the trend toward social and political commentary dominated the arts, Thomas began pursuing more personal themes that originated in his own experiences†(Gunton and Harris 358). Thomas would then incorporate these experiences into his poetry. For example, the poem â€Å"The Ballad of the Long-Legged Bait†is about a fisherman he probably saw around growing up in Swansea. In 1934 Thomas began moving between London and several villages where he started drinking a lot and â€Å"epitomized the raucous image of an artist†After WW II, Thomas began writing more short stories rather than poetry (Gunton and Harri s 358).      Much earlier stories focus on a theme of either birth or death. Because of this, Thomas’s early period has been called his â€Å"womb-tomb†era (Gunton and Harris 358). As Thomas’s writing style evolved, he would begin to experiment with new techniques. He started using vibrant images and using sound as â€Å"verbal music†, creating his own poetic style (Gunton and Harris 358). However, many times Thomas will try to convey emotions that are too complex for any lyrical treatment. Other times the opposite can be true and he gives too intricate an elaboration to simple feelings (Olsen 366). These elements of Thomas’ style are evident in his poems and stories, such as â€Å"The Followers†.      The roster of characters in â€Å"The Followers†are the unnamed narrator, his good pal Leslie, and a girl whom they call â€Å"Hermoitte Weatherby†. The narrator and Leslie meet in a pub on a rainy, London night. They leave after a while, due to lack of funds and decide to have a spot of fun by following a girl they don’t know (Hermoitte) to her home. They spend the evening watching â€Å"Hermoitte†and her mom doing a lot of nothing they are discovered by them and a third unknown voice inside. They flee their window perch in a hurry and call it a night.
Family Therapy Model Essay
Family therapy models of psychotherapy can be divided into three classificationsâ€â€ahistorical, historical, and experiential (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The ahistorical classification includes structural family therapy, strategic family therapy, behavioral family therapy, psychoeducational family therapy, and communication models (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The historical classification includes object relations theory and Bowen systems theory (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The experiential classification contains only one modelâ€â€the experiential family therapy model (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). While the historical models focus on changing the family’s patterns of interaction as a means of removing the presenting problems, the historical models are rooted in psychoanalysis, with a longer therapy intervention in which the therapist is less involved than in the other classifications (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). Experiential models, on the other hand, are more concerned with the patient’s growth, a process of both experiencing and monitoring internal problems, and the patient’s self-identity development within the family context (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3). The history of the models and the therapist’s role in each differs, so given the size limitations of this paper, a separate history on each is not feasible. Each theory has its own major contributors. Among the ahistorical models, structural family theory, for example, was influenced by Gregory Bateson, who focused on verbal and nonverbal communication; the Palo Alto Team, which developed the concept of â€Å"family homeostasis;†and Salvador Minuchin, who saw families as functioning to socialize children and facilitate the mutual support of married couples, suffering problems when boundaries were either too porous or too rigid (Werner-Wilson, n.d., pp. 2-4). Of the historical models, object relations theory was influenced by Melanie Klein and later by Otto Kernberg, who focused on drives and the consolidation of Freudian and non-Freudian object relations theory, respectively (Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 3; Tribich, 1981, p. 27). In the experiential model, Whitaker redefined symptoms as â€Å"attempts at growth†and used modeling to offer â€Å"fantasy alternatives to actual stressors†(Griffin & Greene, 1998, p. 12). Three of the five key concepts of family therapy models are embodied in Schutz’s Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation, or FIRO modelâ€â€inclusion, control, and affection (Hafner & Ross, 1989, p. 974). Parr (2000, p. 256) refers to the affection concept as â€Å"intimacy†when she states, â€Å"The family FIRO model hypothesizes a paradigmatic view of the family’s relationship organization around the three interrelated core needs of inclusion, control, and intimacy.†Inclusion involves a feeling of belonging within the family context, and it requires a sense of connectedness, a shared belief system, and an organized structure that the family incorporates to handle issues of roles and boundaries (Parr, 2000, p. 255). The concept of control involves the way the family interacts in terms of power and influence, as when these are used to resolve conflict in the areas of â€Å"discipline, role negotiations, and problem solving†(Parr, 2000, p. 256). The affection or intimacy concept demonstrates the family members’ needs for interactions that allow them to be open with each other about their feelings and areas of vulnerability (Parr, 2000, p. 256). Another key concept is communication theory. There are varied types of communication theory, but the one that is most appropriate to family therapy is family communication patterns theory, which serves as a model of family communication based on relational connections among communication behaviors (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 175). Finally, the concept of networks is an integral part of the family therapy approach. Networks provide support during family therapy when the family itself is under stress. As Goldenberg and Goldenberg (p. 12) point out, â€Å"The support of a network of friends, extended family, clergy, neighbors, employers, and fellow employees and the availability of community resources often contribute to family recovery,†and â€Å"even chaotic, disorganized, abusive, and multi-problem families have resources.†An evaluation of family therapy from the Christian perspective reveals that it is compatible with Christian principles. Because it is a mode of therapy predicated mainly on understanding the dynamics of family life and helping family members to change their dysfunctional behavior, there is little in family therapy that runs at cross-purposes with Christian thinking. Inclusion, control, and affection are all Christian concepts as well. Everyone is included in the group of those eligible to be Christians, and one only needs to choose to belong. Control of one’s actions is integral to the Christian perspective, with manifestations of a lack of control being regarded as problems. Affection is a hallmark of Christianity, and Jesus displayed genuine affection to people, urging his disciples to do the same. Communication theory is more than relevant to Christianity, as evidenced by the vast amount of communication that takes place in the Bible and the many interactions that are recorded there to help believers understand both desirable and undesirable forms of communication. Moreover, Christianity is a community-oriented religion in many ways, urging believers to help those in need and to love others, so its precepts fit neatly into the concept of the support network, as well. Jesus traveled about the countryside, as did His disciples, taking help to people in various towns along the way, and there is a palpable sense of community in the Christian way of life, which considers other people’s feelings, welfare, and interests as well as one’s own. Finally, there is in Christianity a strong family model, as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are essentially a divine family unit, and thus family therapy models are intrinsically structured to relate to the Christian model. References Fitzpatrick, M.A. (2004). Family Communication Patterns Theory: Observations on its Development and Application. The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3/4), 167-179. EBSCO Host. Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2007). Family Therapy: An Overview. Florence, KY: Brooks Cole. Griffin, W.A., Greene, S.M. (1998). Models of Family Therapy: The Essential Guide. New York: Routledge. Hafner, R.J., Ross, M.W. (1989). The FIRO Model of Family Therapy: Implications of Factor Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 974-979. Klein, M., Tribich, D. (1981). Kernberg’s Object-Relations Theory: A Critical Evaluation. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 62, 27-43. Retrieved on March 25, 2010 from: http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=IJP.062.0027A Werner-Wilson, R.J. (n.d.). Family Therapy Theory. Retrieved on March 25, 2010 from: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~hd_fs.511/lecture/Sourcebook20.ppt
Monday, September 30, 2019
Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay
Adam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopher most often associated with Communism and the author (or co-author) of The Communist Manifesto. This paper seeks to discuss the core differences in their respective political economic philosophies with regards to what economic value is and what the role of government should be in their versions of political economy. This will conclude with the argument that while Smith's work had laid the foundation for modern economic philosophy, it was Marx who would ultimately leave the most significant impression upon the world with his revolutionary ideas. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (commonly abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations) is considered to be the first full treatment on the study of Economics. This work essentially lays the foundation for the economic system known as Capitalism. Interestingly enough, Capitalism was a term first brought into the public debate, somewhat pejoratively, by Karl Marx himself in describing a â€Å"capitalist†as a private owner of capital or the means or production. (â€Å"Capitalism†(Wikipedia), 2008). A consensus definition of this idea is an economic system based on private individual ownership of property in which the distribution of goods is determined freely by competing market forces and investments are made by individuals. (â€Å"Capitalism†(Merriam-Webster), 2008). In a Capitalist society, individuals are free to own property and invest their capital in the pursuit of profit with relatively limited influence or barriers from the government. The Wealth of Nations was organized into five books of several chapters each. The first two books examine the fundamentals of the market system and include explanations relating to the role of labor, the nature of capital and markets, and the motives people have for entering into the market system. The third book is mostly an historical examination of the economics in ancient societies. The fourth book is the core of Smith's argument for the capitalist society and it in these chapters that Smith lays out the core arguments for the limited role of government that is required for long term economic success. The fifth book deals primarily with government spending, revenues and taxation. The Communist Manifesto was much more a call to action than it was a treatise on economics and is a much shorter work than Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Marx also published a very thorough (and denser) economic examination known as Das Kapital in 1867. The conclusions reached in that and other works would underpin the concepts found in The Communist Manifesto. It is not inaccurate to say that Communism is in many ways the opposite of Capitalism. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and co-author Friedrich Engels listed 10 attributes of an ideal Communist society. The first one lays out the primary condition: â€Å"Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. †(Marx & Engels, 2006, p. 32) This effectively describes state-ownership and control of all capital and the means of the production made for the benefit of all in a classless society. Communism espouses the idea that the economy should function for the greater good of all society and not merely act as a tool to enrich the ‘bourgeois†or ruling classes. As the title would indicate, The Communist Manifesto lays out the purpose and reasoning for the existence of the Communist party that was developing across Europe in that time. In the prologue, Marx and Engels state the books purpose: It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself. Marx & Engels, 2006, p. 2) The chief disagreement between Capitalists and Communists is who or what is entitled to ownership and the means of production. In chapter one of the second book of The Wealth of Nations, Smith defined capital as the stock (read: assets or money) that a person does not immediately consume for which the owner expects to derive a f uture profit. (Smith, 1909) This of course implies that the individual has possession and ownership of the capital item in the first place. Marx bestows a social aspect upon what capital is in The Communist Manifesto. Marx stated that capital is a â€Å"collective product? nly by the united action of all members of society, can it be set in motion. Capital is therefore not a personal, it is a social power. †(Marx & Engels, 2006, p. 23) In other words, capital belongs to all of the people that are needed to not only produce it, but to provide a reason for its value. One thing that Marx and Smith seems to have agreed upon is something economists call the Labor Theory of Value. While they would ultimately come to different conclusions on the use of the value, the basic assumption is this theory is that value is ultimate derived in an object from the labor necessary to produce it. â€Å"Labor Theory†, 2008) In chapter 5 of book I of The Wealth of Nations, Smith argues tha t â€Å"the real price of everything? is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. †(Smith, 1909, p. 36) Smith distinguishes this from the nominal value of an item that can vary based on market forces; he holds that the real value is constant in relation to the labor that it used in its production. Smith argues in the following chapter that there are three components to the price of an item: the labor needed to produce it, the â€Å"rent of the land†or resources needed to make it, and the â€Å"profit of stock†that compensates the investor for risking his resources. In Das Kapital, Marx also recognizes the labor component of any item in the first chapter. He states that any commodity has a use-value and an exchange value that is derived from the labor needed to produce it. (Marx, 2000) Marx however viewed the â€Å"profit of stock†as the ability of the capitalist to exploit the wage laborers out of the surplus value of the things they create because of their control over the means of production. The role of government in relation to the economic system is a central theme of how ultimately successful the economic system would become. One of Smith's core arguments to the success of capitalism is summarized in his most famous metaphor of the â€Å"invisible hand†found in Chapter 2 of Book IV in The Wealth of Nations: By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. (Smith, 1909, p. 351-352) Smith argued that in a fair and free market economic system, producers will act in their own self-interest to maximize their profits. As profits increased, competitors would come about seeking to obtain a share of the profits, and would thus drive down prices through this competition. The result was more efficiency and productivity that would lead to the long term benefit of all of society. He was against any government action that would serve to disrupt this natural balance such as trade restrictions, wage laws, and industry regulation. Smith essentially believed that the more the government stayed out of the way, the better off society would be as a whole. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx makes an argument for an entirely stateless society. â€Å"Political power†he states, â€Å"? is merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another. †(Marx & Engels, 2006, p. 3) A common theme of The Communist Manifesto is the struggle between different classes of society, to which Marx simplifies to a clash between the â€Å"bourgeois†and the â€Å"proletariats†. Marx argues that â€Å"The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for ca pital is wage-labor. †(Marx & Engels, 2006, p. 19) Marx held the belief that in a pure Communistic society, there would be no classes, and that the government would out of necessity dominate and control the means of production in the economy. The legacy and impact of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations was felt throughout Europe shortly after its publication. In England in particular, the British prime ministers sought policies that were attributed to what they had learned in Smith's book including a new commercial treaty with France, customs reform, and a change in fiscal policy that resulted in lower debt and government spending. Government's throughout Europe also began to realize the fallacy of the artificial trade barriers erected between the different countries; so much so that they would prefer to trade with their American colonies more often than their own neighbors. West, 1990) Smith's greatest impact is perhaps the academic contribution to the study of economics. Before The Wealth of Nations, there really was nothing of the sort that so thoroughly examined the fundamentals of economics. Nearly every economist after Smith, including Karl Marx, would use The Wealth of Nations as a primary source and base their argument s off of Smith's suppositions. Marx's influence on the world however was far from an academic exercise. The violent revolution that Marx predicted would need to occur in order for the proletariats to overthrow the bourgeois did indeed occur in Russia during the â€Å"Red October†of 1917. The ruling aristocracy of Russia's Czarists came to an end at the hands of Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks. This would lead to the formation of the communist Soviet Union. During the revolution, the Bolsheviks seized all the private property around the country, gave control of all the factories to the government, nationalized all the banks, seized all of the Church's properties, and declared that they would not honor any foreign debts. Thus the first real attempt at Communism took the form of the Soviet Union; symbolized by the worker's sickle and hammer on the flag. â€Å"October Revolution†, 2008) The actions of the Soviet Union would go on to inspire many other Eastern countries to attempt their own versions of Communism; all consistent with the principles Marx envisioned in The Communist Manifesto. The resulting conflict of economic fundamentals between these Communist entities and the more Capitalist economies of Western Europe and the United States would spark conflict throu ghout much of the 20th century. References capitalism. (2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capitalism capitalism. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/capitalism labor theory of value. (2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Labor_theory Marx, K (2000) Das Kapital Gateway Edition, Washington, DC, Regnery Publishing, Inc Marx, K & Engels, F (2006) The Communist Manifesto, New York, Penguin Books October Revolution. 2008) In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved December 17, 2008, from http http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/October_ Revolution Smith, A (1909) Harvard Classics: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, New York, P F Collier and Son West, E (1990) Adam Smith's Revolution, Past and Present. Adam Smith's Legacy: His thought in our time. Retrieved December 17, 2008 from http://www. adamsmith . org/images/uploads/publications /ADAM_SMITH_Legacy. pdf
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