The Role of Resocialisation in Society

The Role of Resocialisation in Society Resocialisation can be described as the change of existing social roles with new ones (Ferrante, 2010, p. 139). People are made to adapt to the new roles because of the situations they get themselves in. Socialisation involves making people more aware of their roles in the society. The process of resocialisation occurs in many areas and has both positive and negative outcomes. This paper discusses the process of resocialisation and the ways in which it affects an individual and the society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resocialisation in Organisations Different organisations have different ways in which they conduct their affairs; most of them have a set of codes and rules, which all those who want to be part of them have to respect. These codes and rules are meant to give an identity to all those who are either active in the organisation or who identify with its ideals. New people who join such organisations are made to observe these rules to enable them to be identified with it (Ferrante, 2010, p. 143). Resocialisation involves making people, who are part of an organisation either willingly or unwillingly, transform their behaviour and personalities to suit their new environment. Organisations work hard to adopt resocialisation to control the level of engagement of the people who are active in them. Pante (2006) reveals that business organisations have codes of conduct, which their employees need to abide by (p. 84). These rules are meant to organise the way work is done with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each individual. Some students have to balance between working and doing part time jobs while in college. They become resocialised by working so that they can reduce their overdependence on parents. The students are forced to accept their new roles by their parent’s lack of money for their college fees. New members of an organisation are made aware of the new roles they are supposed to assume. They are made to undergo certain procedures, which prepare them for the new roles that they are expected to assume. The resocialisation process helps them to change their behaviour, attitudes and perceptions towards the organisation and the business activities it undertakes (Goffman, 1968, p. 25). This approach makes recruits’ expectations and attitudes suit the environment in which they become part of both in the present and in the future. Organisations have their own internal power and influence, which makes them carry out a set of resocialisation procedures that their members need to conform to.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisations have different reasons for resocialising their employees. Some organisations are more interested in resocialis ing their members more than others. These organisations are motivated by the need to be seen as strong, attractive and invincible in the societies in which they transact. For instance, legal systems are known for their aggressive approach towards resocialising people who are active in them. Police officers who have just been enrolled must measure up to the highest moral and legal standards to discharge their duties effectively. Law enforcement systems expect their staff to be selfless and diligent to maintain law and order in the society. Students who have to work part time do so willingly. Their resocialisation occurs because they need to earn a living; they are more self driven and is not similar to that the new police recruits undergo. Employees who join an organisation are made aware of the work procedures they are supposed to follow; their resocialisation is more formal and is done to help them settle in their new jobs as quickly as possible. Both employees and organisations de pend on each other mutually for their objectives to succeed. Features of Resocialisation Resocialisation takes place in many forms, which have a big impact on the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of the people who undergo the process. Some procedures are carried out to shift the loyalties of the person being resocialised to the organisation or group which he or she is about to become part of. Resocialisation is done to make a person have a sense of belonging in the new environment that he lives in. There are various types of procedures that are also carried out during resocialisation; this is done to highlight the significance of the occasion being celebrated (Andersen Taylor, 2006, p. 77). These procedures fascinate the emotional, psychological or religious attitudes of the members of the community or organisation in which the practice is conducted.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Role of Resocialisation in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rituals have a big significance in resocialisation. Some communities carry out rituals because they are able to appease themselves through their religious practices and beliefs. For example, Native Americans use psychoactive substances to help them reconnect with their ancestors after several centuries of the Whites dominating them. These rituals are a form of resocialisation because through them the Native Americans identify their shared ancestry, traditions and kinship in the community where they live (Zimmerman, 2003, p. 87). Native Americans had been banned from carrying out these rituals when the US society was still dominated by white supremacy ideologies. The rituals serve as a bridge between them and their past, which they still cherish and want to keep alive. Ceremonies in different communities and organisations also play a crucial role in resocialisation. These ceremonies serve as procedures through which new participants are made to understand the new roles they are supposed to perform in their new environments. For instance, weddings are public resocialisation ceremonies, which prepare the bride and the groom for the new responsibilities taken up by the husband and his wife (Newman Grauerholz, 2002, p. 234). The internship processes in organisations resocialise new employees to be conversant with the work procedures they are supposed to perform at their work stations. Internships help the new graduates to acquire important skills, which they need to perform their duties. Initiations in some communities and organisations are carried out as rites of passage or as tests. For instance, many communities in Africa use circumcision and other forms of initiation as a rite of passage for their young people into adulthood. These young people are resocialised to perform the new roles that adults perform within a particular community. After initiation, some of these young people get married, move out of their pa rents’ homes or carry out the tasks that adults are expected to perform. Mavundla (2009) reveals that they do this to conform to the roles and responsibilities the society expects them to assume (p. 396). Resocialisation gives them the courage to withstand pressures of life that they will face as adults in the future. Besides initiation, there are also other forms of resocialisation that people have to undergo to join criminal, terrorist or secretive groups. Gangs use violence to initiate new members into their ranks. For instance, these new members are made to withstand lashings, rape or beatings to become part of these gangs.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dahl (2004) states that some members are forced to kill or maim other people for them to be become new members of a gang (p. 8). Therapy centres use various methods to resocialise drug and alcohol addicts to reduce their dependence on the substances that bind them. The addicts are resocialised to reform their compulsive instincts and accept other rewarding and more beneficial pursuits. Coping With Resocialisation Various resocialisation programs have objectives that they seek to achieve. Formal resocialisation programs encourage people to change their behaviours for them to be able to cope with life’s challenges. Prison systems are tough and many people in the society find it difficult to cope in them. Some prisoners cope with the harsh environment without difficulty; consequently, other criminals commit more serious crimes after leaving prison. Other inmates have strong networks in prisons, which protect them from other rival groups (Brym Lie, 2009, p. 77). Some prisons are controlled by criminal gangs who operate illegal businesses within them to retain their autonomy. The members of the gangs commit serious crimes in prison such as murder, rape, assault and extortion. They violate the rules without worrying about the consequences that they are likely to face. Jews who were confined in Nazi concentration camps faced a lot of problems. Together with Gypsies, they were abused, killed and overworked by the Nazi forces who wanted to destroy them. They were resocialised to feel that they are inferior to other races in Europe. The harsh treatment and servitude they were subjected to while in labour camps made them feel unwanted. They understood that their fate was sealed and they had little chance of getting out of the concentration camps alive. The concentration camps strengthened their will to survive (Bartrop Jacobs, 2010, p. 12). They held on to their traditional beliefs and religious practices, but did so in secret. As a result, they were able to ret ain their autonomy. People who have experienced difficult episodes in their lives are able to cope in an environment that encourages sharing and healing. People who have been victims of violence or child abuse need to be resocialised to understand that the pain they suffer is not of their own making. Levers (2012) argues that effective counselling programs help such victims to cope with their dark past and move on to a more promising future (p. 87). For instance, teenagers who are victims of parental abuse are easily lured to join criminal gangs. They mistake the bond they have with their fellow gang members for love. However, after some time, some of the youth in the gang may choose an alternative lifestyle that is free from crime. The young people stop associating with gangs and choose to go back to school to get a good education. For that reason, they retain their autonomy by being brave enough to make positive choices. Drug and substance addicts can cope with resocialisation in different ways. Their dependence on the substances drives them to seek an alternative lifestyle away from their destructive habits. For instance, they begin to get resocialised by undergoing rehabilitative programs, which help them to overcome their addictions (Levers, 2012, p. 93). They are able to regain their autonomy by reducing their dependence on the substances they consume. Former drug addicts can have difficulties in coping; for instance, they can be drawn back to the dangerous lifestyle they have been used to as a result of their failure to handle the rehabilitation. They retain their autonomy by continuing to take drugs. This is contrary to what they have been taught in rehabilitation centres. In conclusion, resocialisation occurs in many forms in the society. It can have positive or negative consequences for people who experience it. References Andersen, M. L., Taylor, H. F. (2006). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society with infotrac. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Ba rtrop, P.R., Jacobs, S.L. (2010). Fifty key thinkers on the holocaust and genocide. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Brym, R. J. Lie, J. (2009). Sociology: Your compass for a new world. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: Vulnerabilities and opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1-22. Ferrante, J. (2010). Sociology: A global perspective, enhanced. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Goffman, E. (1968). Asylums. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Lazarus, L. (2004). Contrasting prisoners’ rights: A comparative examination of Germany and England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levers, L. L. (2012). Trauma counselling: Theories and interventions. New York, NY: Springer. Mavundla, T. R. (2009). Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: Health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20(4), 395-404. Newman, D. M., Grauerholz, E. (2002). Sociology of famil ies. New York, NY: Pine Forge Press. Pante, S. (2006). Cliffs test prep praxis II: Social studies content knowledge test (0081). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Zimmerman, L. J. (2003). American Indians: The first nations: Native North American life, myth and art. London: Duncan Baird.

Stewart’s Calculus 8th Edition, Section 1.1, Question 3

Stewart’s Calculus 8th Edition, Section 1.1, Question 3 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips This posts contains aTeaching Explanation. You can buyCalculus by Stewarthere. Why You Should Trust Me:I’m Dr. Fred Zhang, and I have a bachelor’s degree in math from Harvard. I’ve racked up hundreds and hundreds of hours of experienceworking withstudents from 5thgradethroughgraduate school, and I’m passionate about teaching. I’ve read the whole chapter of the text beforehand and spent a good amount of time thinking about what the best explanation is and what sort of solutions I would have wanted to see in the problem sets I assigned myself when I taught. Question:The graph of a function f is given.Page in 8th Edition: 19 Short Answers: f(1) = 3 f(-1) ~ -.3 f(x)=1 for x = 0 or 3 f(x)=0 for approximately x=-0.6 The domain of x are real numbers between -2 and 4 (or [-2,4], and the range are real numbers between -1 and 3, or [-1,3]. f is increasing on the interval [-2,1) Homework Answer:Same as Short Answers. Motivated Answers: The question is giving you the graph of the function f. This means that to figure out what f(x) is, we need to look at the y-value of the graph at x. To figure out f(1), we can take put a ruler vertically (up down) on the graph when x=1 and see how high the graph is, which is the same thing as the y-value of the graph. We can count boxes on the graph paper to see the y-value is 3. Just like a), we put a ruler vertically at x=-1, and the graph seems to show a y-value of about -.3 (it could be -0.2 or -0.5, but that’s our best guess by eyeballing it). This means f(-1)~-0.3 The question wants us to find all values of x where f(x)=1. Since 1 is the output of f, and the output means to y-values, we can take a ruler, put it horizontally at 1, and look at where the ruler hits the graph. We see the rule hits the graph two times, once when x is 0, and another time when x = 3. We do the same thing as c), but put the ruler horizontally at 0, which happens to be the x-axis. The graph hits the ruler at x=-.6 approximately. You have to find the domain and range of f. The domain of any function is all valid inputs, or stated the same way, all valid x-values. We can see from the graph that the graph spans the x-range of -2 though 4 (we can count boxes). To write this in interval notation, we write the range is [-2,4]. We use solid brackets here because the graph seems to include the endpoints.The range of f is all valid outputs of f. Stated the same way, these are all valid y-values of the graph. We can see the graph spans the y-range of -1 through 3, or [-1,3]. If you look at the graph you can see that f seems to be increasing throughout the first part of it, from x-values of -2 to 1. Writing this in interval notation, we get [-2,1). We use a parenthesis ) instead of bracket ] because at the point 1, the function is no longer increasing. Video Solution: Get full textbook solutions for just $5/month. PrepScholar Solutions has step-by-step solutions that teach you critical concepts and help you ace your tests. With 1000+ top texts for math, science, physics, engineering, economics, and more, we cover all popular courses in the country, including Stewart's Calculus. Try a 7-day free trial to check it out.

Corporate Social responsibility assignment Essay

Corporate Social responsibility assignment - Essay Example Triple Bottom Line Triple bottom line is a system that operates to ensure that corporate social responsibility is seen as a formal and an essential aspect of business entities. This is because it formalises the process of corporate social responsibilities and ensures that social responsibilities is included in an organisation at the strategic level. Triple bottom line is â€Å"... the necessity for a corporation to disclose information about its social and environmental performance in growing† (Sridhar and Jones, 2013 p92). This is because triple bottom line creates a situation where the environmental and social aspects of a business is carried out in a way that is appropriate and leads to the best interest for all entities. And more importantly, environmental and social matters are audited and accounted for through the triple bottom line system. This is because it integrates these two aspects into the business and the firm will not have to only care about profitability and ma king money for the shareholders but also, other stakeholders and provide valid evidence of how they are seeking and working towards the attainment of stakeholder interests. Triple bottom line involves the identification of sustainable corporate performance by integrating systems to attain and account for three aspects of a business: 1. Financial 2. Social and 3. Environmental (Fauzi et al, 2010). This is because triple bottom line provides a system to get an organisation to look beyond just financial reporting and financial targets. This is because it integrates the elements of sustainability into corporate reporting. In order to attain the standards of triple bottom line, a firm would have to set up a system for corporate financial, social and environmental strategy and reports (Jamali, 2006). This will ensure that an organisation will be able to integrate other important pointers of corporate social responsibility and report it and monitor it for a year-on-year improvement. Carol and Buchholtz (2012) identify that triple bottom line is a requirement for corporate control and corporate governance that focuses on stakeholders and other entities. This is because it involves setting goals in areas and aspects that affects other stakeholders and make it imperative for corporate entities to work towards the attainment of results over a broader scope than the traditional method. In the opening discussions of Carol and Buchholtz, they spell out that from the period of modern business after the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, firms and businesses focused excessively on the profit motive and sought to provide the best interests of the owners of the business only (2012). However, the growth of the Post-Second World War global order has sought to preserve the rights of individuals and other third parties and prevent the attainment of profits at the expense of other people who are connected to or affected by the business. Hence, the triple bottom line approach integrates the needs of stakeholders by ensuring that the needs of the society and the wider environment is integrated into the organisation and the organisation must demonstrate a strong tendency to protect the wider environment through sustainable practices and targets and also protect the environment. This is meant to promote the needs and expectations of other stakeholders, not just shareholders. Jackson et al

Scenario Theft from vehicle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scenario Theft from vehicle - Essay Example What we are most interested in is that you can demonstrate an understanding of all relevant legislation Policy and Procedures in relation to each scenario and event. Event 1: Local intelligence has alerted an officer on patrol to a spate of thefts from vehicles in a local car park- the Modus Operandi (MO) being to smash one of the side windows of the vehicle to gain entry. Example answer: Based on the information provided so far this could be a crime or non-crime incident. Potential crimes could be theft (Theft Act, Sec 1-7, 1968) or Criminal Damage (Criminal Damage Act, Sec 1, 1971). Under the Equality Act 2010, the officer should not victimise the suspect because of gender or race. According to section 1 of PACE, officer may search a person or vehicle without warrant if suspected. However the officer needs to show his identity and to inform the suspect the grounds for searching. Section 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 allows an officer to search a person or premises. The officer may search and arrest if finds someone suspect, committing an offence or who is guilty of any offence. But the officer must have reasonable grounds for any such search. Q3 Describe any personal, physical or impact risks that may be present and any contingencies the police officer could consider in conducting the search in terms of their own safety, the police service and the community. Q4 Describe the application of relevant legislation, service requirements, national guidelines and personal responsibilities (including level of training and duty of care) that relate to managing conflict Within your answer you should consider how the items found may be related to any potential offences. With consideration to the items found and information to hand discuss options available to the officer to deal with the suspect. The officer should record

The Practice And History Of Alchemy Chemistry Essay

The Practice And History Of Alchemy Chemistry Essay Alchemy, derived from the Arabic word al-kimia (ØلكÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡, ALA-LC: al-kÄ «miyÄ ), is both a philosophy and an ancient practice focused on the attempt to change base metals into gold, investigating the preparation of the elixir of longevity, and achieving ultimate wisdom, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties. The practical aspect of alchemy can be viewed as a protoscience, having generated the basics of modern inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances. Alchemy has been practiced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), India, Persia (modern Iran), China, Japan, Korea, the classical Greco-Roman world, the medieval Islamic world, and then medieval Europe up to the 20th century and 21st Century, in a complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2,500 years. HISTORY What existed before modern Chemistry? After the death of Alexander the Great of Macedon (323 B.C.), much of the conquered territories in the Persian Empire that were located in the Middle East and northern Africa, began to dissolve. Ptolemy, one of Alexanders generals, established a kingdom on the coast-line of Egypt. As its capital, Alexandria was considered to be one of the most culturally diverse cities in the world at that time; Ptolemy and Ptolemy II founded the Temple to The Muses, otherwise known as The Museum, to continue scholarly activities and studies of the day. The Museum could be considered an equivalent to a university or a research institution by todays standards. At the Temple of The Muses, Greek philosophy, considered to be the basis for western-scientific ideas and reasoning, fused with local Egyptian khemeia, the ancient art, religion, and ceremonies of embalming the dead to create Greek-Egyptian khemia. Because the art of khemeia had been shrouded in mysticism, religion, and the secretive language of obscure symbols, common people were afraid of the practitioners and their seemingly dangerous yet powerful knowledge of chemicals. There were two major unfortunate byproducts of Greek-Egyptian khemeia that were a result of these cryptic practices and obscure languages and symbols. First, the secretive nature of this field slowed its progression so that no one could profit from anothers mistakes or learn from anothers brilliance. Secondly, anyone who spoke in the obscure languages and symbols of Greek- Egyptian khemeia couldnt be understood, so just about anyone who could make up nonsensical words could pass as a scholar. As time passed, Greek-Egyptian khemeia began to fall further into obscurity, where shadowy practices of wizardry, magic, and sorcery seemed to flourish in mysticism. Of these, a Greek- Egyptian by the name of Bolos of Mendes (c. 200 B.C.) promised a tool which would allow for ways of turning common metals, such as lead and iron, into gold and silver. Although it was not completely understood how this would be done, this tool, referred to as The Philosophers Stone, was the dream of many. Although The Philosophers Stone has never been found, the actual search for it has assisted in the study of metallurgy and methodologies of modern day chemistry by refining many of the practical laboratory techniques, skills, and glassware that are still used today, such as those used in distillation, filtration, crystallization, coagulation, evaporation, and extraction. In 4th century A.D., because Roman Emperor Diocletian feared that a cheap source of silver and gold could bankrupt the already shaky Roman economy and Pope Zosimuss recognition that Greek-Egyptian khemeia was a practice of pagan learning, little was done to stop the destruction of the Alexandrian Museum and its libraries by Christian riots. As a result, the study of Greek-Egyptian khemeia went underground and would remain as a hidden practice until the 7th century, where it emerged in the middle-east. In the early 7th century, Arabic tribes unified and began to conquer much of the middle-east, western Asia, and northern Africa. These conquering armies soon began to march on Eastern Europe, where the inhabitants of Constantinople, with the help of a khemeia practicing Greek-Egyptian named Callinicus, used Greek fire as a form of defense against the intruders (670 A.D.). Greek Fire, a flammable mixture of sulphur, namptha, and quicklime, was placed into a bronze tube, mounted on a castle wall or the bow of a ship, and was lit by a torch to spout fire at anyone who approached. Although this method was able to stave off some of the attacks by land and sea, the Arabic forces soon gained control of Constantinople, discovered the philosophy of Greek science, and began to utilize the practices of Greek-Egyptian khemeia for their benefit. In Arabic, Greek-Egyptian khemeia was translated into the term al-kimiya, flourishing not only as a science of metallurgy, but with the guidance of Jabir ibn-Hayann (c.760-815A.D.), its use in medicine as well. It was Al-Razi (c.850- 925A.D.), however, who perfected the use of plaster of Paris in mending broken bone, His meticulous ability to logically organize his notes and writings showed the importance of clarity with laboratory procedures to the point where he became the first to document and describe the comparisons between smallpox and chickenpox. Many of his works were translated into Latin nearly 600 years later and made an impact on lab methodologies of performing medicine and other experimental research that are still used today. With all of the practical aspects that al-kimiya had to offer, it always had a way of returning to the mystical and what we may refer to today as non-scientific practices. Not only was there a search for The Philosophers Stone, but with a broadened focus on medicines within al-kimiya, finding a single cure for all sicknesses, The Elixir or Life, and discovering a potion for maintaining youth, The Fountain of Youth, became some of the new mystical treasures. With these new promises of magical discovery, al-kimiya remained in a shroud of mystery and the study of chemicals was still considered a dark craft. As western European Crusaders clashed with Arabic Armies in the southern and eastern Europe, an intermingling of ideas and different cultures gave way to growth and appreciation of Arabic arts, science, and mathematics in the west. By the time the last Moorish strongholds in Western Europe were pushed from Spain and Portugal in the 15th century, it became ever so clear that the Latin translations of Arabic sciences and mathematics would forever change the west, thus bringing a close to The Medieval Ages and an opening to the Scientific Renaissance. Known as alchemy, by the Latin translation from the Arabic term al-kimiya, its practice thrived in Europe after being gone for nearly 800 years. Although it was still considered pagan learning in some circles, it thrived in underground communities where the search for the three mystic treasures of The Philosophers Stone, the Elixir of Life, and the Fountain of Youth continued. As Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541A.D.), better known as Paracelsus, studied the medical works of earlier alchemists, in particular Al-Razi, he believed that searching for cures by alchemical means could have a large impact on medicine, also. Until Paracelsus, only organic plant preparations were used for cures and remedies in treating diseases, but he believed that minerals synthesized in the lab were the key to the future of health care. Although he gained many followers, his efforts wouldnt be recognized by traditional European medicine, since he was considered an alchemist. In fact, it would be well over a century after his death until others would recognize his efforts and put them into practice. One of Paracelsus followers and fellow practitioner of alchemy, Andreas Libau (1540-1616A.D.), wanted to bring more clarity and rationality to this field. In 1597 he published ALCHEMIA, which summarized medieval achievements of alchemy, writing with clarity and with minimal mysticism. When theories based upon mysticism were unavoidable, he would reluctantly include them and refer to them as Paracelsians. This book was revolutionary for the field of medicine, the emerging field of a more scientific-based alchemy, and for western science in general because it was one of the first known attempts in separating scientific facts of chemistry from mysticism. Like Al-Razi, Andreas Libau set a standard for alchemists by documentation of important laboratory methods and skills in the preparation of medicinal chemicals within his publications, explaining how mineral salts and acids could be used as curing ailments. It wasnt until Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604-1668A.D.), however, that laboratory method and procedures would lead to the synthesis of Sodium Sulfate, Na2SO4 .10H2O(s), also known as Glaubers Salt. He found that it not only made a mild laxative for medicinal purposes, but when produced in mass quantities it could be commercialized to the general public to make a profit. Etymology The word alchemy derives from the Old French alquimie, which is from the Medieval Latin alchimia, and which is in turn from the Arabic al-kimia (ØلكÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡). This term itself is derived from the Ancient Greek chemeia (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±) with the addition of the Arabic definite article al- (ØÙ„Ùâ‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½).It used to be thought that the ancient Greek word was originally derived in its turn from Chemia (ÃŽÃŽÂ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±), a version of the Egyptian name for Egypt, which was itself based on the Ancient Egyptian word kÄâ€Å"me (hieroglyphic Khmi, black earth, as opposed to desert sand). Some now think that the word originally derived from chumeia (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±) meaning mixture and referring to pharmaceutical chemistry. With the later rise of alchemy in Alexandria, the word may have been mistakenly thoug ht by ancient writers to derive from ÃŽÃŽÂ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±, and thus became spelt as à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±, and the original meaning forgotten. The question of the etymology of the word alchemy is still open, and recent research indicates that the Egyptian derivation of the word may be valid. Alchemy as a philosophical and spiritual discipline Alchemy became known as the spagyric art after Greek words meaning to separate and to join together in the 16th century, the word probably being coined by Paracelsus. Compare this with one of the dictums of Alchemy in Latin: Solve et Coagula   Separate, and Join Together (or dissolve and coagulate). The best-known goals of the alchemists were the transmutation of common metals into gold (called chrysopoeia) or silver (less well known is plant alchemy, or spagyric); the creation of a panacea, or the elixir of life, a remedy that, it was supposed, would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely; and the discovery of a universal solvent. Although these were not the only uses for the discipline, they were the ones most documented and well-known. Certain Hermetic schools argue that the transmutation of lead into gold is analogical for the transmutation of the physical body (Saturn or lead) into (Gold) with the goal of attaining immortality. This is described as Internal Alchemy. Starting with the Middle Ages, Persian and European alchemists invested much effort in the search for the philosophers stone, a legendary substance that was believed to be an essential ingredient for either or both of those goals. Pope John XXII issued a bull against alchemical counterfeiting, and the C istercians banned the practice amongst their members. In 1403, Henry IV of England banned the practice of Alchemy. In the late 14th century, Piers the Ploughman and Chaucer both painted unflattering pictures of Alchemists as thieves and liars. By contrast, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the late 16th century, sponsored various alchemists in their work at his court in Prague. It is a popular belief that Alchemists made contributions to the chemical industries of the day-ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of gunpowder, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics, glass manufacture, preparation of extracts, liquors, and so on (it seems that the preparation of aqua vitae, the water of life, was a fairly popular experiment among European alchemists). Alchemists contributed distillation to Western Europe. The double origin of Alchemy in Greek philosophy as well as in Egyptian and Mesopotamian technology set, from the start, a double approach: the technological, operative one, which Marie-Louise von Franz call extravert, and the mystic, contemplative, psychological one, which von Franz names as introvert. These are not mutually exclusive, but complementary instead, as meditation requires practice in the real world, and conversely. Several early alchemists, such as Zosimos of Panopolis, are recorded as viewing alchemy as a spiritual discipline, and, in the Middle Ages, metaphysical aspects, substances, physical states, and molecular material processes as mere metaphors for spiritual entities, spiritual states, and, ultimately, transformations. In this sense, the literal meanings of Alchemical Formulas were a blind, hiding their true spiritual philosophy, which being at odds with the Medieval Christian Church was a necessity that could have otherwise led them to the stake and rack of the Inquisition under charges of heresy. Thus, both the transmutation of common metals into gold and the universal panacea symbolized evolution from an imperfect, diseased, corruptible, and ephemeral state towards a perfect, healthy, incorruptible, and everlasting state; and the philosophers stone then represented a mystic key that would make this evolution possible. Applied to the alchemist himself, the twin goal symbolized his evo lution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works typically contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and references to other equally cryptic works; and must be laboriously decoded in order to discover their true meaning. Psychology Alchemical symbolism has been occasionally used by psychologists and philosophers. Carl Jung reexamined alchemical symbolism and theory and began to show the inner meaning of alchemical work as a spiritual path. Alchemical philosophy, symbols and methods have enjoyed something of a renaissance in post-modern contexts. Jung saw alchemy as a Western proto-psychology dedicated to the achievement of individuation. In his interpretation, alchemy was the vessel by which Gnosticism survived its various purges into the Renaissance, a concept also followed by others such as Stephan A. Hoeller. In this sense, Jung viewed alchemy as comparable to Yoga of the East, as and more adequate to the Western mind than Eastern religions and philosophies. The practice of Alchemy seemed to change the mind and spirit of the Alchemist. Conversely, spontaneous changes on the mind of Western people undergoing any important stage in individuation seems to produce, on occasion, imagery known to Alchemy and relevant to the persons situation. His interpretation of Chinese alchemical texts in terms of his analytical psychology also served the function of comparing Eastern and Western alchemical imagery and core concepts and hence its possible inner sources (archetypes). Marie-Louise von Franz, a disciple of Jung, continued Jungs studies on Alchemy and its psychological meaning. Alchemy as a subject of historical research The history of alchemy has become a vigorous academic field. As the obscure hermetic language of the alchemists is gradually being deciphered, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, kabbalism, spiritualism, Rosicrucianism, and other mystic movements, cryptography, witchcraft, and the evolution of science and philosophy. Modern connections to alchemy Persian alchemy was a forerunner of modern scientific chemistry. Alchemists used many of the same laboratory tools that are used today. These tools were not usually sturdy or in good condition, especially during the medieval period of Europe. Many transmutation attempts failed when alchemists unwittingly made unstable chemicals. This was made worse by the unsafe conditions in which the alchemists worked. Up to the 16th century, alchemy was considered serious science in Europe; for instance, Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newtons occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics, for which he is famous. Other eminent alchemists of the Western world are Roger Bacon, Saint Thomas Aquinas, Tycho Brahe, Thomas Browne, and Parmigianino. The decline of alchemy began in the 18th century with the birth of modern chemistry, which provided a more precise and reliable framework for matter transmutations and medicine, within a new grand design of the universe based on rational materialism. Alchemy in traditional medicine Traditional medicines involve transmutation by alchemy, using pharmacological or a combination of pharmacological and spiritual techniques. In Chinese medicine the alchemical traditions of pao zhi will transform the nature of the temperature, taste, body part accessed or toxicity. In Ayurveda the samskaras are used to transform heavy metals and toxic herbs in a way that removes their toxicity. These processes are actively used to the present day. Nuclear transmutation In 1919, Ernest Rutherford used artificial disintegration to convert nitrogen into oxygen. From then on, this sort of scientific transmutation has been routinely performed in many nuclear physics-related laboratories and facilities, like particle accelerators, nuclear power stations and nuclear weapons as a by-product of fission and other physical processes. In literature Sir Thomas Malory uses Alchemy as a motif that underlies the personal, psychological, and aesthetic development of Sir Gareth of Orkney in Le Morte dArthur .Sir Gareths quest parallels the process of Alchemy in that he first undergoes the nigredo phase by defeating the black knight and wearing his armor. After this, Gareth defeats knights representing the four elements, thereby subsuming their power. In fighting and defeating the Red Knight (the overall purpose of his quest) he undergoes and passes the rubedo phase. Gareth, toward the end of his quest, accepts a ring from his paramour, Lyoness, which transforms his armor into being multicolored. This alludes to the panchromatic philosophers stone, and while he is in multicolored armor, he is unbeatable. A play by Ben Jonson, the Alchemist, is a satirical and skeptical take on the subject. Part 2 of Goethes Faust, is full of alchemical symbolism. According to Hermetic Fictions: Alchemy and Irony in the Novel (Keele University Press, 1995), by David Meakin, alchemy is also featured in such novels and poems as those by William Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Emile Zola, Jules Verne, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, James Joyce, Gustav Meyrink, Lindsay Clarke, Marguerite Yourcenar, Umberto Eco, Michel Butor, Paulo Coelho, Amanda Quick, Gabriel Garcà ­a Marquez and Maria Szepes. Hilary Mantel, in her novel Fludd (1989, Penguin), mentions the spagyric art. After separation, drying out, moistening, dissolving, coagulating, fermenting, comes purification, recombination: the creation of substances the world until now has never beheld. This is the opus contra naturem, this is the spagyric art, this is the Alchymical Wedding. In Dantes Inferno, it is placed within the Tenth ring of the 8th circle. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, there are several references to Nicholas Flamel, and a stone that could turn metal into gold and create an elixir of immortality was sought after by both the villains and Harry and friends, for different reasons. In contemporary art In the twentieth century alchemy was a profoundly important source of inspiration for the Surrealist artist Max Ernst, who used the symbolism of alchemy to inform and guide his work. M.E. Warlick wrote his Max Ernst and Alchemy describing this relationship in detail. Contemporary artists use alchemy as inspiring subject matter, like Odd Nerdrum, whose interest has been noted by Richard Vine, and the painter Michael Pearce, whose interest in alchemy dominates his work. His works Fama and the Aviators Dream particularly express alchemical ideas in a painted allegory. The Rise and Demise of Phlogiston, the Birth of Modern Chemistry, and the importance of Measurement Chemistry (1600A.D. to present) Originated and published by J. J. Becher in the late 17th century journal Opuscula Chymica Rariora, roughly translated as The Work of Rare Chemistry, it was known as the first attempts to explain chemical burning and rusting. Becher said that many common day materials contained a substance called phlogiston, translated from Greek, meaning to set on fire. G. E. Stahl, a medical doctor of the same time period and a proponent of phlogiston, explained in a separate publication that: all inflammable objects contained phlogiston which made it possible for them to burn, and as the object burned, phlogiston was poured out into the air. Wood and coal contained a great deal of it, the ashes left after burning did not. Since communication of scientific discoveries was now common place, Stahl supported his theory with meticulous laboratory procedures and qualitative observations. Some of the qualitative observations he made while burning phlogiston rich substances are listed below: 1. Flames extinguish in airtight space because air becomes saturated with phlogiston. 2. Charcoal leaves little residue upon burning because it is nearly pure phlogiston. 3. Mice die in airtight space because air saturates with phlogiston. Phlogiston was considered to be a massless or near massless substance, since no measurement device had ever existed that could experimentally measure it. Because of this inability to quantify the mass of phlogiston, qualitative experimentation, which was limited to the description of the five human senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch, was the only way in which the phlogiston theory could be supported. Another qualitative evidence of phlogiston theory was the white powder residue or rust that was found on the surface of tin after it was heated in the air. Also referred to as calx, meaning limestone, it was believed that this is what remained after phlogiston left the tin metal. Working from previous tin experiments, Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794A.D.), a master of building precision instrumentation, attempted to determine the mass of phlogiston with a mass balance that he had manufactured. After evacuating air from a glass vessel that contained tin Filings, he then sealed and began to heat it on his precision mass balance. If the phlogiston theory were correct, he could open the vessel let the phlogiston escape, and finally quantify a value that had eluded scientists for 5 decades. As Lavoisier opened the heated glass vessel, he instead measured a small increase in mass, which went against the phlogiston theory altogether. Although other scientists who held steadfast to the phlogiston theory would make rebuttals that phlogiston must then have a negative mass, these attempts would fall short as other experiments that utilized precision measurements began to compile. For the first time in history, Lavoisier showed that a carefully designed experiment using precision measurement technology could be used as evidence to disprove a theory. More important than disproving the phlogiston theory was the realization that precision instruments yielded important quantitative information about the field of chemistry. Less than a decade later, Lavoisier published his Elementary Treatise of Chemistry (1789), which is considered the first modern chemistry textbook. In it, one could find a well documented view of The Law of Conservation of Mass and the rejection of the existence of phlogiston, along with various new chemistry theories and laboratory techniques that relied upon BOTH qualitative descriptions and quantitative measurements with the help of measurement technology. It not to say that Lavoisier had all the correct theories within his treatise, but rather that the field of modern day chemistry would emerge, depending more heavily upon precision measurements of chemical phenomena rather than the mystical notions of alchemy, like phlogiston and the three mystic treasures.

Responding to the Ethical Challenges faced by Nike Essay

1.The company (Nike) lacked the ability to monitor the working conditions of their suppliers’ factories. Due to the fact that competitor companies were buying in on their suppliers they didn’t have an advantage or edge to monitor the poor working conditions in these factories. They were disparaged upon by the UN and NGO’s for having their products manufactured in countries where working conditions were poor and there was no monitoring of proper treatment of employees and enforcement of Human Rights. The Korean suppliers, who represented Nike, were accused by labor activist and NGO’s of  being abusive to workers. This by itself was against â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct.† 2.The Nike Corporation also faced issued with NGO’s and labor activists about paying workers low wages in Indonesia. Their Korean suppliers didn’t not pay workers the minimum wage and tried to cheat the Indonesian government by pleading economic hardship, so that they wouldn’t have to pay the workers a mere $ 1.00 US equivalent pay. When accused of what was occurring, a general manager didn’t think that it was the company’s function to monitor labor violations. However in a major turnaround and I am sure after that manager being reprimanded for that statement and disregard for the company’s ethics, they instructed the Indonesian suppliers to increase the workers pay. 3.They faced problems with Child Labor in Pakistan. In June of 1996, Life Magazine put Nike in the midst of misery, which caused an array of accusations about child labor. They published a photo of a 12 year old boy, stitching a soccer ball. Sialkot a city in Pakistan produces soccer balls for Nike and their competitors. However, due to the uproar by NGO’s, trade unions and consumer groups they prompted to impose sanctions against the purchasing of this product by the company. The company in turn, took a big hit and learned a lesson in globalization, human rights, international labor laws and their corporate responsibility. 4.Their operations in Vietnam posed some environmental, health and safety issues. One of their Korean contractors (again) operating in Vietnam was faced in a dilemma where and NGO help spur an audit by Ernst and Young which found high levels of Toulene, which is very hazardous chemical that causes damage to the CNS, liver, kidney and causes eye and skin irritations. The chemical was released in the plant which posed a threat to the health of workers. Employees were not given proper PPE. This was in direct violation of OSHA standards and also again, â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct.† 5.Nike’s negative outlook to their stakeholders about their suppliers posed a serious threat to the organization. Even though their suppliers were the ones that were involved in these ethical issues, it still reflected on the company. Consumers are concerned only with a brand and not a supplier behind the brand. Also, Nike was responsible for their suppliers’ actions due to them not monitoring their working standards, payroll, human rights etc. Due to all the negative media, NGO and consumer attention, it caused Nike to loose some contracts with various universities supply them with uniforms, equipment and footwear etc. In response to my friend’s questions about the validity of the claims that are against Nike, I would first have to tell him that I value the integrity of my employer. But since this question asks me what I would say privately, and we are close friends, I would be somewhat try honest to him, and tell him how I felt, only because the information that was stated in these claims were made public due to avid media coverage and the audit conducted by Ernst and Young. Being that the claims are valid I would tell him about my feelings based only on the information available to the public. I would initially ask him to tell me how much he knows and then based on that make an analysis of the situation, and think about ethically what I am privy to say or talk about, being that I am still employed with the organization and the terms of which we uphold or code of conduct. I would address each argument specifically based on the allegations that we are faced with to the best of my knowledge and maintain a clear and concise goal of keeping in mind my reliability to my employer. Being that we are being blamed for infractions carried out by a supplier I would let my friend know that, we were not aware of the situation at hand at the moment but we are looking into it because we support Human Rights, Child Labor laws, Unionization and fair wage system. Our corporate code of conduct, â€Å"The Nike Code of Conduct† is available to anyone who wishes to know about it, so I would tell my friend that this is what our company stands by and since my employment with the company I have known that they are in effect and enforced. Being that we were not able to physically be present in Indonesia, Pakistan and the other countries of which this accused supplier has  committed these Human Rights violations on employees, and stress again that we were unaware of th e situation, how can we be blamed. I will also be sure to reinforce to him the fact that he should know that when the media gets a hint of information that could lead to the allegations of a multi-billion dollar organization how they could make an â€Å"ant look like an elephant.† Also, upon learning of such violations and treatment of these workers, my organization stepped in and not only reprimanded this supplier for trying to cheat the government of Indonesia out of paying minimum wage, but also to the workers. Based on our coalition with NGO’s and our commitment to corporate responsibility I would be sure to inform him that we have created teams such as an action team to monitor environmental, health and safety issues. We also developed teams to monitor the labor rules and working conditions of the workers of our suppliers in these third world countries. Hence, if we fell short on our monitoring tactics, our involvement with labor activists, NGO’s and the UN will make sure that we manage our mistakes that were made due to these allegations. Being that this is my close friend, I have to keep in mind that I am an employee first to this company and while I am employed there. If I say the wrong thing, or he perceives it in the wrong way I could stand to loose my job or possibly be deemed a whistleblower to the organization. Regardless of the fact, Nike was blamed indirectly for these violations but they still took the responsibility to try and correct their mistakes that the organization should have been aware of. I am sure that if my friend is a â€Å"good friend† they would or should understand that I cannot violate my principles. Other than that based on the support of the allegations made to the company I am sure he would be more educated now that I gave him my insight on the claims. The triple bottom strategy that I would suggest that Nike employ would be being more conscientious to environmental, health and safety issues, ethical issues with regards to their stakeholders and share holders (internal and external) and Human Rights. Although their corporate code of conduct addresses this, they need to reinforce their standards to avoid the type of situations that was discussed in this case study. In reference to IKEA approach to their ethical practice, had Nike been more  observant about the issues with the supplier after the first incident occurred the others could have probably been avoided. When IKEA learned of what was occurring with the supplier towards the working conditions, environmental issues and the Human Rights Violations regarding Child labor, they stepped in to rectify the situation immediately. Nike only did so after labor activists, NGO’s and trade unions etc got involved. From my analysis of things, they should have been more proactive rather than reactive. Starbucks approach to things was somewhat similar to IKEA, but Starbucks stressed their commitment to social responsibility by way of thinking about their stakeholders. Nike on the other hand, seemed to be more dedicated to their shareholders the production of merchandise. They did accomplish being a multi-billion dollar company in a short space of time, but at what expense? It came with huge repercussions of Human Rights violations in the form of child labor and underpaid workers. They didn’t address these issues in the right manner, something that Starbucks did and overcame the allegations against them. Nike needs to delegate these issues in their organization accordingly to enforce labor laws and environmental laws to their suppliers. In this case study, the supplier was based in Korea, but had operations in Indonesia, Pakistan and other third world countries. They went into these countries, tried to manipulate the government by way of cheating them into allowing workers to get below minimum wage. Also, standards in the workplace were not enforced in the proper manner. The organization needs to supply workers with the proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which is mandated by Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). The company also needs to maintain a proper relationship with the different NGO’s, labor commissions, trade unions and consumer activists in these countries. This can aid them in the monitoring processes of these suppliers to ensure that issues are being handled in the right way. It can also help save costs that the company pays to monitors, for example contractors. Nike can implement the money they save into a program that handles the ethical issues of workers, because I am sure they don’t have a human resources  department and an ethics commission to contact with their matters of concern. I am sure that this could increase their productivity employee. Hopefully the company learns from their past mistakes that they should not only be concerned with their shareholders but about the stakeholders as well. I believe that external and internal customers make up a business or organization and each has a vital role to play in it success or downfall. In this case, lack of attention to the working conditions and wages of the workers (shareholders could probably led to the ultimate downfall of the company. Nike has many competitors that can slowly overtake them in the consumer market. Human rights play a major role in consumer decisions in the 21st century. Evidence of this was found in the study whereby when the consumer activists learned about what was going on they boycotted purchasing the soccer balls due to child labor. References Locke M. Richard et al. (2002). The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The Case of Nike. Retrieved from http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=274259 Bartlett A. Christopher et al. (2006). IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A). Retrieved from MGT 213 Ethics and the Market Place – Northeastern University (Course Material) Argenti A. Paul. (2004). Collaborating with Activists: HOW STARBUCKS WORKS WITH NGOs. Retrieved from MGT 213 Ethics and the Market Place – Northeastern University (Course Material)

The Abstract Essay Samples Pitfall

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