Celebrity Endorsements

laurels EndorsementsIn the Beauty sector industry, LOreal ranks on the top amongst the other dishonors, and has also undertaken many reputation stock- secure warrants (Wang W.S, 2006). To report the influence of renown endorsement on LOreal capital of France a mannerical study is required. This chapter has been divided into two sections, the consultation begins with a brief description about fame endorsements, in addition the previous and the current scenario of laurels endorsements, whereas the second section talks about the brand LOreal, its per patternance in the industry, the celebrity endorsements it has undergone, to a greater extentover any risks it has human faced while endorsing and last how has it been influenced by celebrity endorsementsA key c manseenge that merchandise agencies face today to get noticed in the highly competitive market is that of designing an publicise execution. in that respect be many ways done which agencies underside secure cons umers, amongst them one form is celebrity endorsement (Robert van Der Veen digest of celebrity endorsement as an effective destination marketing tool, 2004).The concept of celebrity endorsement has been increasing over the decades and now is a widespread advertising strategy. Celebrity endorsement since ages has been enforced as an effective source of marketing to assimilate harvest-homes and services. (Nathan Klaus, and Ainsworth Anthony Bailey, Celebrity endorsement an examination of gender and consumer attitudes, American Journal of Business, 2008 vol.23 no.2).At present, one get out find almost every advertisement involving a celebrity, these celebrities deed of conveyance as spokes someones so as to advertise and promote outputs, services and ideas. (Cited in Kambitsis et. al 2002, Rajakaski JJ, Simonsson R.2006). Now Celebrity endorsement is a well established form of advertising strategy, especi every(prenominal)y in the U.S where approximately twenty percent of all(a ) the television commercials present a celebrity or a famous soul and in addition, approx ten percent of dollars spent on television advertising are consumed in celebrity endorsement. (Cited in advertising age Sherman 1985, Agrawal Kamakura, 1995). The celebrities when are endorsed for a product they are expected to accomplish a number of objectives such as increasing the brand image, brand name, product creditability, and also the likability of the advertisement.(Brunett et all 1993 cited in Marin 1996). Firms utilize celebrity endorsement not just for increasing revenues but also its importance lies in the fact that how celebrity endorsement add note value to company, brand and product.(Clinton Amos, Gary Holmes, David Strutton, Exploring the relationship amidst celebrity subscriber effect and advertising lastingness, supranational Journal of advertising , 27(2), 209-234, world advertising enquiry center) Using celebrities for advertising helps the brand by acquiring bette r and more attention from the consumers, they add glamour to the product/brand and make it more credible, desirable and trustworthy. (Spielman, 1981 cited in Renton , 2006). agree to Friedman and Friedman (1979) a celebrity is an individual who is known by the public for his achievements in area other than that of the product class he is endorsing. Famous people achieve a high degree of attention from the public and media. As a result of their celebrity status they create a positive image of the product they endorse.Murdoch argues that ignite and Belch has written Marketers recognize that people are more likely to be influenced by a message coming from someone with whom they feel a sense of similarity, and that advertisers recognise the value of using spokes person who are admired TV and movie stars, athletes, musicians, and other popular figure (Murdoch, Creativity in advertising).There are a variety of reasons why a besotted ability go for celebrity endorsement some reasons ma y be the fuck offs that the celebrity faced in his life may be similar to the message to be conveyed in the advertisement and if you are a fan of the celebrity you might trust them..(Kulkarni and Gaulkar, 2007). Hence, Choosing a celebrity should be done with at most flush and importance since it is more than a marketing strategy as it is a decision that has an fix on the prospect of the brand. Choice of celebrity should be on the basis of factors like appeal, popularity, and so forth(Naveen Blazey and Shashi Kanth Ganti, Goa institute of management Goa, Impact of celebrity endorsement on boilers suit brand)Celebrities endorsement are sometimes very expensive for the firm, based upon the reputation and the status of the celebrity, their remuneration could run into millions of dollars depending on the contract, overall it is an huge investment do by the brands for advertising(Agrawal Kamakura,1995).In today dynamic market conditions, there is huge risk associated along with the celebrity endorsement, what if celebrity advertising does not affect the consumer get decision, what is more endorsement does not give economic returns after a high cost of celebrity advertising involved and does not affect the profitability of the brand, and in addition there are situation where the celebrity him ego is in a controversy, and its effects on the firm.LOreal ParisLOreal was established in 1909, previously known as LAureale (Latin meaning Golden crown). It began producing hair dye products in Paris and due to its success it quickly started branching out in other countries along with diversifying the product range whilst including soaps, shampoos and hair preparations. In 1974, LOreal undertook many dermatological and pharmaceutical activities, For shell a joint auxiliary undertaking between LOreal and Nestle which concentrates on medicament of diseases and infections. In declination 2003, an explore and development centre was established. In 2004 acquisition of M ininurse and Yue-Sai, two Chinese brands had taken place, furthermore LOreal group had been ranked by Interbrand, as the 49th global brand for leading international branding consultancy. In 2005 LOreal had set up its first explore centre in Shanghai, which mainly dealt with the know on the texture of Chinese skin hair and other varied needs of the Chinese. Today LOreal has over 50,000 employees, a research team of 3,000 employees, 30,000 active patents and one hundred thirty branches all around the world (Datamonitor, LOreal Paris).LOreal Group has divided its products under a) Luxury goods which includes brands like Giorgio Armani, Ralph Lauren, Cashrel, Lancme exacta b) Consumer goods- Brands that come under this group are LOreal Paris, Maybelline New York etc. c) Professional products and d) Active cosmetics. LOreal Paris characterizes professionalism, and due to research and development technology it has always maintained its high quality. This brand has targeted those consum ers which are leave behinding to pay higher(prenominal) prices for good quality products.The most important strategy that LOreal Paris has adopted to diversify its operations is by undertaking tactics such as expanding its scattering and advertisements, especially in countries like India, where the current brand ambassador is the Hindi film actress Sonam Kapoor. On the other progress to, in other international countries during the mid May, 2009 LOreal Paris has annexd it celebrity endorsements by endorsing tether new celebrities Elizabeth Banks, Freida Pinto and Evangeline Lily. These new Hollywood celebrities were announced as the ambassadors during the Cannes film festival, and now they result join the LOreal Paris hall of fame with the previous LOreal Paris ambassadors such as Penelope Cruz, Jennifer Aniston, Beyonce, and Scarlett Johansson (Datamonitor, Loreal paris). jibe to Cesar Zamudio, 2008 Currently LOreal Paris has 14 ambassadors of different ethnicities and profes sions (Zamudio, 2008)1.2 Purpose of the studyThis research is undertaken to realise and comprehend the appealing concept of brand endorsement and also its influence on the LOreal Paris and the consumer purchasing decision. The purpose is also to go on a conclusion whether celebrity endorsement which is a huge investment does actually give a positive return to LOreal Paris1.3 Aims and objectivesAn Aim is set up in severalise to achieve the goals and to solve the purpose of the study undertaken. The aim of this Study would be to examine the vivid concept of celebrity endorsement, and how does it affect the brand and the consumer purchasing behaviour, furthermore how brands handle the risk factor.ObjectivesTo identify, analyse and discuss relevant literary works, about the use of celebrity endorsement and its effects on the consumer purchasing behaviourTo indentify some abstractive framework able to model the influence that celebrity endorsement plays on the brand itselfTo Design a method actingological set about that would enable the collection analysis of primary and secondary selective information.To show the findings of this research within the context of the state of the art literature.To critically reflect the influence of celebrity endorsement on consumer purchasing behaviour and also on the LOreal Paris.1.4 Research MethodologyCollection of primary data will be done through questionnaires, in order to reach the aims and goals of the research.Secondary data will be collected through reading various journals and books related to the concept of celebrity endorsementFurthermore, data will be collected through reading newspaper articles, magazines, advertisements, magazines and articles from the databaseThe conclusion will be depicted from the findings gathered from the primary and secondary data.1.5 STRUCTURECHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION gate of this study has stated the research aims and objective, and the purpose of this study.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature canvass explains the aims and objectives of the previous researches and defends their view point from the research.CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY The methodology explains how the research will be carried out. In this study from soft and quantitative research methods, quantitative research method will be made use of.CHAPTER 4 DATA ANAYSIS The data collected through the research method, will be analysed through various computer programming techniques in order to get to a result.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION The findings and suggestions to readers will be stated which is on the basis of the result of the study.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. INTRODUCTIONThis section of literature review will deal with the synopsis of pertinent theories, models, subject matter and also illustrate previous findings. To start with introduction of the topic will be done followed by a detailed explanation of celebrity endorsement and sponsorship furthermore explanation of consumer behaviour and the factors or attributes affecting the consumer attitudes and the intension to purchase and lastly how celebrity adds value to the endorsed products.In the process of celebrity endorsement there are some risks and failures also involved, so such factors will also be discussed in brief. The literature review will comprise ofThe illustration of celebrity endorsement processFactors that influence the consumer purchase intentionsDifferentiating the varied marketing tools.2.2 CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTSThe Celebrity endorsement issue gained apt importance after the Second World War, previously in 1666 where the sellers use to aggressively exhibit there endorsers. From the beginning of the 20th century, people used to find celebrities in newspaper and magazines. (Segrave.2005).The endorsement process is time consuming and is worth a million dollar and is constituted by three important participants Firms, celebrities, and the middle men. Busler (2002) states that in 2001, celebrities received around $800 m illion as their endorsement fees. Fees are still rising in this industry for instance in the sports industry, during 1997, Michael Jordan used to earn $47 million in a year which made him the h8ighest paid athlete , following ten years Le Bron James signed a contract worth $90 million with Nike additionally, he also discontinued using middlemen and commenced his own firm.(Arango 2007). Therefore the role of all the three participants can be understood, as the firms carry out celebrity endorsements so as to increase their lolly, celebrities accept it on order to earn and increase their popularity, while the middlemen take some commission for coordinating the celebrity and the firm (Agrawal and Kamakura 1995).The continuous development in this industry led FTC regulating it, where the FTC worked out a set of guidelines, which has to be followed whilst undertaking celebrity endorsements (Atkin and Block 1983). Since 1980s the contract fees have sky- rocketed (Segrave 2005). In 1986, Sy lvester Stallone and Paul Newman were paid approx $1 million a year( Segrave 2005). In 2007 the athlete Tiger woods was highest paid which amounted to a total of $100 million (Arango 2007).A celebrity has a distinct personality and reputation. Along with appear in an advertisement, they are very talented and have exceptional skills in performing an undertaking, which makes them famous amongst the public besides gaining more respect and adoration. According to Pringle H and Binet L, Celebrities are those, who are famous and familiar amongst the regular people and are used by brands to add value to their advertisements by considering their image and reputation (Pringle H, Binet L, 2005).There are many studies carried out on the concept of celebrity endorsements, to begin with there are researches relating to who can be the best spokesperson for an endorsement amongst celebrities, the CEO, consumers or should it be an expert of the particular brand, the results were sketchy as not muc h research has been carried out on this particular issue so a faint and a blend of results were found, according to Atkin and Block (1983) and Frieden (1984) the celebrities are right choice but are not always found to be effective, but Martin et. al (2008) states that consumers can be found most suitable, in addition Harper 2007 and Simpson 2007 ends saying that the celebrities possibly may not be the best suited endorser furthermore Kamins,1989 undertook a two sided study the results were that celebrity were found to be more congenial and au pasttic over non-celebrity spokesperson.(Kamins 1989)Agrawal and Kamakura (1995) and Mathur et al. (1997) argued on the effect of celebrity endorsement contracts on the profitability of a firm, Agrawal and Kamakura analyzed 110 celebrity endorsements contracts using event study analysis and found out that on an average the firms experience a 44% increase in their market value this will have a positive stock return leading to increased profits and furthermore are considered as a worthwhile investment (Agrawal Kamakura,1995).Whereas Mathur (1997), emphasized on the issue relating to comeback Michael Jordan to NBA in 1995, which brought McDonalds (endorsed by Michael Jordan at that time) an approximate gain of $192 million, this figure is nearly equal to the price of 64 million McDonalds meals (Mathur et al. 1997). Another research was on the basis of how celebritys persona influences the consumers attitudes and product evaluations, According Friedman and Friedman (1979) and Roa et. al (1999) states that if the product is socially or psychologically risky then the celebrity endorsements will increase the chance of believing in the advertisement. Kalhe and Homer(1985) says when the celebrities image is equivalent to the product endorsed then only the celebrities physical draw augment to product evaluations(Kalhe and Homer. 1985). Amos, Holmes, Strutton (2008) dealt with a relationship between the effects of celebrity endo rser and the potency of advertising using the Kruskal-Wallis non parametric test, they found that any off putting information or events concerning the celebrity can have an adverse effect on the brand, these researchers also used the source credibility model for evaluating consumer perceptions of a celebrity endorser, which consists of three important constituents- celebrity trustworthiness, celebrity expertise and celebrity attractiveness, the findings were that if there is advertisement clutter the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement might condense, in addition larger influence of celebrity endorsement is found amongst the collage students.(Amos, Holmes, Strutton 2008). Endorsement effectiveness According to Friedman and Friedman (1979) celebrities are more effective than an expert or a consumer, as they help in easily remembering and recollecting the band name of the product as the ad. (Friedman and Friedman 1979) . They also kick down to effectiveness of an endorsement by b ringing in more depth, accuracy and polish to the meanings to be delivered and also to the advertisements, furthermore when celebrities deliver they do it with extra care along with offering a series of life-style and personality. (McCracken, 1989). Choi et al.(2005) states that domestic celebrities result in more effectiveness as they are constantly in feign with the existing cultural values compared to the international ones who might possibly more expensive and difficult to find to suit the brand (Choi et al 2005).For effectual use of celebrities and for successful endorsements, following guidelines have been mentioned by Till (1998).If the celebrity is utilised constantly or consistently, to reinforce the relation between the brand and celebrity, the celebrity endorsement will be more effective.The ad should contain relevant and true facts about the product, additionally it should be straightforward and uncomplicated.Those celebrities are recommended who are not confederate w ith any other brand and are precisely appropriate for the endorsed brand.This marketing tool will be more accurate for those products for which the user has incomplete information.According to Shimp (2003), Creditability and attractiveness are the determinants of effectiveness of endorsers, Creditability consists of celebritys believability and dependability, while attractiveness involves physical attractiveness, respect and similarity between the endorser and publics age, gender, ethinicity. For instance Omega (Swiss watch) endorsed by Anna kournikova as they found her attractiveLet us discuss celebrity mathematical operation, celebrity trustworthiness,celebrity expertise and celebrity attractivenessCelebrity performance According to Amos, Holmes, Strutton. 2008, celebrity performance (acting success, athlete success, music success etc.) refers to any given point of time of the celebrities profession where they accomplish achievement.(Amos, Holmes, Strutton. 2008) There is an dire ct impact of the celebrities performance on their popularity which might fall or even rise in their in the entire profession (Agrawal and Kamakura 1995). If their performance fall short it is likely that a celebrity endorsers effectiveness will deteriorate (Agrawal and Kamakura 1995).Celebrity Trustworthiness Trustworthiness refers to the amount of confidence that the consumers put on the celebrity for the message delivered by them which is believed to be most win over (Ohanian 1990). According to Griffin (1967) Favourable disposition, acceptance, psychological safety and perceived supportive climate are favourable consequences of trust (cited in Chao et.al.2005). It is always found that a message coming from someone whom you trust, you tend to believe in the message more and bring about an effectual attitudinal change on the other hand non trusted spokesperson influence tends to be lower. (Mc Ginnes and Ward 1980). The trustworthiness factor is an important element that constitute s the effectiveness of a celebrity endorsement.Celebrity Expertise According to Erdogen (1999) celebrity expertise is the extent to which the spokesperson is observed to be an informant of valid assertations (Erdogen, 1999). Ohanian 1990, states that investigating source creditability in settings involving persuasive communication generally indicates that a receivers perception of the sources expertises positively influences source effectiveness furthermore, a respondents actions in response to the sources perceived level of expertise and the target persons level of agreement with those recommendations and lastly subjects open(a) to a source perceived as highy expert exhibit more agreement with the sources recommendations than did those exposed to a source with low expertise ( Ohanian 1990).Celebrity attractiveness It is multi-dimensional in nature, along with just the physical attractiveness it consists of other factors such as personality and ability (Erdogen 1999). This factor constitutes an important part in the effectiveness of an endorserment. The physically more attractive celebrities are normally seen as more approving on different personality attributes then non attractive corresponding person (Kalhe and Homer 1985, Eagly et. al. 1991). Joseph (1982) found out from his study that attractive spokesperson has more optimistic influence on the product then the non attractive ones. Baker and Churchill in 1977 concluded that even though attractive spokesperson had resulted in advertisement effectiveness but attractiveness did not have an impact on the purchase intentions of the consumer (Baker and Churchill, 1977).Negative effects/ Potential risks Even though celebrity endorsement is said to bring in many advantages and profits not only to the firm but also to the celebrities, there are many risks and negative effects associated with celebrity endorsement. The persona of the celebrity itself endures the customers to purchase the product, what if the celeb rity gets caught in any controversy, malefactor activities or is undergoing a personal problemThe requirements or the must for a successful execution of celebrity endorsements starts with knowing where the brand is positioned currently which also includes where it wants to be in the future and how is it going to get there, then followed by developing a creative idea. After considering that celebrity endorsement is best and effective method for marketing communication, next critical thing to be thought about is selecting the appropriate celebrity. Furthermore the fame of the celebrity hastens up the message and in gain significant return on investment is expected. (Pringle H, Binet L, 2005).CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT PROCESS MEANING MOVEMENT AND THE ENDORSEMENT PROCESSMcCrackens meaning transfer process, has been divided in to three different stages, In stage ONE, he states that celebrities as compared to models and actors plays an extremely important role as they deliver a variety of i nfluential personality and lifestyle meaning which are extracted from the character they play in the movies, sports, military and other careers , eventually the endorser comes in associate with the objects , persons and contexts, then the meaning is brought into the advertisement by the celebrity.In stage TWO, after the celebrity is finalised, the source of promotion should be identified and the product to be promoted should be furnished with meanings, in addition to this all the seize only those meanings related to the product which are to be acquired from the celebrity i.e. through campaigns, representative properties related to the product are conveyed by means of celebrity. Lastly the link between the celebrity and product is highlighted.In the THRID stage, the representations of the celebrity are transferred to the product and also the meanings from objects, people and events surrounding them. With the use of products, celebrities create a self image before the audience that m ake these meanings accessible to the consumers, then the consumers understand the meaning and purchase accordingly (Mc Cracken Grant, 1989)3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 INTRODUCTIONThe literature review chapter discusses the literature in celebrity endorsement and its impact on the brand as well as the consumers. The next chapter of research methodology, is where a suitable method of research would be selected before carrying out the research. In this chapter description regarding the accomplishment of the research will be stated, furthermore the method selected, the approach, sample, and data collection will be depicted.3.2 RESEARCH APPROACHThis research is both a quantitative and qualitative research, according to Bryman and bell quantitative research is a distinctive research strategy and in broad terms it can be said that it is collection of numerical data and as exhibiting a view of relationship between theory and research as deductive and as having a objectivist conception of soc ial reality.( Bryman and bell,2007).. In the research along with primary data, secondary data will also be given importance where all the journals, text books, press articles and the internet where all the topic related websites including the companys website will be considered. Primary research will be conducted using questionnaires and also interview.Qualitative research tends to be more concerned with words rather than numbers and a feature of qualitative research is inductive view where there is a relationship between theory and research and the theory is extracted out of the latter (Bryman and Bell,2007) an inductive view approach will help in completion of the literature review. From the literature review a number of research questions were formed.To start the research, the secondary data on celebrity endorsement and also its influence of this concept on brand and consumer behaviour was reassessed. The collection of secondary data involved journals, magazines, text books, pres s articles and the internet. In ossification to secondary data this research was found creditable for further investigation. Inductive approach has been chosen along with primary research and secondary data will help in completion of this research. Primary data will be collected with the help of questionnaire to obtain accurate results and contemporary data.3.4 DATA COLLECTION alternate DATASecondary research helps in collection of data and understanding what has already been undertaken under this field. Examining the present and the past researches or studies will help in appropriate understanding of the concept under research. Collection of secondary data is comprised mainly from journals, press articles from news paper and magazine articles, books and reliable websites. Secondary data offers pertinent theories, models and concept based through which further research can be undertaken.PRIMARY DATAThere are many ways through which primary data can be collected, for instance interv iew method, questionnaire etc. In this study questionnaire method is chosen. The questionnaire consists of both open-ended as well as close end questionsReferencesNathan Klaus, and Ainsworth Anthony Bailey, Celebrity endorsement an examination of gender and consumer attitudes, American Journal of Business, 2008 vol.23 no.2Agrawal J, Kamakura WA, July1995. The economic worth of celebrity endorsers an event study analysis, journal of marketing Vol.59, pp.56-62Rajakaski JJ, Simonsson R.2006, The subject of celebrity endorsement what it was and what it has become.ISSN1402-1773-ISRNLTU-CUPP-06/137-SE.Clinton Amos, Gary Holmes, David Strutton, Exploring the relationship between celebrity endorser effect and advertising effectiveness, International Journal fo advaertising , 27(2), 209-234, world advertising research center.Naveen Blazey and Shashi Kanth Ganti, Goa institute of management Goa, Impact of celebrity endorsement on overall brand)Mc Cracken Grant, who is celebrity endorser? 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Better liked than right trustworthiness and expertise as a factors in credibility. Personality and Social Psychology bulleti